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Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have gained significant popularity thanks to their ability to learn using the well-known backpropagation algorithm. Conversely, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), despite having broader capabilities than ANNs,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Sergio Davies , Andrew Gait , Andrew Rowley , Alessandro Di Nuovo

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibit temporal, sparse, and event-driven dynamics that make them appealing for efficient inference. However, extending these models to self-supervised regimes remains challenging because the discontinuities…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chengwei Zhou , Gourav Datta

Autonomous embedded systems (e.g., robots) typically necessitate intelligent computation with low power/energy processing for completing their tasks. Such requirements can be fulfilled by embodied neuromorphic intelligence with spiking…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Iqra Bano , Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Shafique

The tremendous energy consumption of deep neural networks (DNNs) has become a serious problem in deep learning. Spiking neural networks (SNNs), which mimic the operations in the human brain, have been studied as prominent energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Seongsik Park , Sungroh Yoon

A key question in neuroscience is at which level functional meaning emerges from biophysical phenomena. In most vertebrate systems, precise functions are assigned at the level of neural populations, while single-neurons are deemed…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-03-17 Wieland Brendel , Ralph Bourdoukan , Pietro Vertechi , Christian K. Machens , Sophie Denéve

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a promising research direction for building power-efficient information processing systems, especially for temporal tasks such as speech recognition. In SNNs, delays refer to the time needed for one spike…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Ilyass Hammouamri , Ismail Khalfaoui-Hassani , Timothée Masquelier

Neuromorphic computing and spiking neural networks (SNN) mimic the behavior of biological systems and have drawn interest for their potential to perform cognitive tasks with high energy efficiency. However, some factors such as temporal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Haowen Fang , Brady Taylor , Ziru Li , Zaidao Mei , Hai Li , Qinru Qiu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), as one of the algorithmic models in neuromorphic computing, have gained a great deal of research attention owing to temporal information processing capability, low power consumption, and high biological…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Chengting Yu , Zheming Gu , Da Li , Gaoang Wang , Aili Wang , Erping Li

Traditional neuron models use analog values for information representation and computation, while all-or-nothing spikes are employed in the spiking ones. With a more brain-like processing paradigm, spiking neurons are more promising for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Qiang Yu , Shiming Song , Chenxiang Ma , Linqiang Pan , Kay Chen Tan

The human brain utilizes spikes for information transmission and dynamically reorganizes its network structure to boost energy efficiency and cognitive capabilities throughout its lifespan. Drawing inspiration from this spike-based…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Jiangrong Shen , Qi Xu , Gang Pan , Badong Chen

Facilitating online learning in spiking neural networks (SNNs) is a key step in developing event-based models that can adapt to changing environments and learn from continuous data streams in real-time. Although forward-mode differentiation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Thomas Summe , Clemens JS Schaefer , Siddharth Joshi

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are highly energy-efficient due to event-driven, sparse computation, but their training is challenged by spike non-differentiability and trade-offs among performance, efficiency, and biological plausibility.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zihan Huang , Zijie Xu , Yihan Huang , Shanshan Jia , Tong Bu , Yiting Dong , Wenxuan Liu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Synaptic plasticity seems to be a capital aspect of the dynamics of neural networks. It is about the physiological modifications of the synapse, which have like consequence a variation of the value of the synaptic weight. The information…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2012-09-25 Tarek Behi , Najet Arous , Noureddine Ellouze

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-08 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

Learning is based on synaptic plasticity, which affects and is driven by neural activity. Because pre- and postsynaptic spiking activity is shaped by randomness, the synaptic weights follow a stochastic process, requiring a probabilistic…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-14 Jakob Stubenrauch , Naomi Auer , Richard Kempter , Benjamin Lindner

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) often suffer from high time complexity $O(T)$ due to the sequential processing of $T$ spikes, making training computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a novel Fixed-point Parallel Training (FPT)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Wanjin Feng , Xingyu Gao , Wenqian Du , Hailong Shi , Peilin Zhao , Pengcheng Wu , Chunyan Miao

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have received widespread attention due to their event-driven and low-power characteristics, making them particularly effective for processing neuromorphic data. Recent studies have shown that directly trained…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Boxuan Zhang , Zhen Xu , Kuan Tao

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising solution to the problem of increasing computational and energy requirements for modern Machine Learning (ML) applications. Due to their unique data representation choice of using spikes and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Daniel Windhager , Lothar Ratschbacher , Bernhard A. Moser , Michael Lunglmayr

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are biologically inspired energy-efficient models that use sparse binary spike-based communication between neurons, making them attractive for resource-constrained edge devices. Federated learning enables such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Sanja Karilanova , Subhrakanti Dey , Ayça Özçelikkale

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are gaining interest due to their event-driven processing which potentially consumes low power/energy computations in hardware platforms, while offering unsupervised learning capability due to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Shafique