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Hopfield neural networks are a possible basis for modelling associative memory in living organisms. After summarising previous studies in the field, we take a new look at learning rules, exhibiting them as descent-type algorithms for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Pavel Tolmachev , Jonathan H. Manton

We propose and analyze a new variation of the so-called {\em exponential Hopfield model}, a recently introduced family of associative neural networks with unprecedented storage capacity. Our construction is based on a cost function defined…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-09-09 Linda Albanese , Andrea Alessandrelli , Adriano Barra , Peter Sollich

Firing rate models are dynamical systems widely used in applied and theoretical neuroscience to describe local cortical dynamics in neuronal populations. By providing a macroscopic perspective of neuronal activity, these models are…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-03 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Francesco Bullo , Sandro Zampieri

Classical autoassociative memory models have been central to understanding emergent computations in recurrent neural circuits across diverse biological contexts. However, they typically neglect neuromodulatory agents that are known to…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-17 Daiki Goto , Hector Manuel Lopez Rios , Monika Scholz , Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan

The standard Hopfield model for associative neural networks accounts for biological Hebbian learning and acts as the harmonic oscillator for pattern recognition, however its maximal storage capacity is $\alpha \sim 0.14$, far from the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Alberto Fachechi , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

We study a model of spiking neurons, with recurrent connections that result from learning a set of spatio-temporal patterns with a spike-timing dependent plasticity rule and a global inhibition. We investigate the ability of the network to…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-04-22 S. Scarpetta , A. de Candia

The state space of a conventional Hopfield network typically exhibits many different attractors of which only a small subset satisfy constraints between neurons in a globally optimal fashion. It has recently been demonstrated that combining…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2014-09-02 Alexander Woodward , Tom Froese , Takashi Ikegami

The Hopfield model provides a mathematically idealized yet insightful framework for understanding the mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval in the human brain. This model has inspired four decades of extensive research on learning and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-14 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Francesco Bullo , Sandro Zampieri

The Hopfield recurrent neural network is a classical auto-associative model of memory, in which collections of symmetrically-coupled McCulloch-Pitts neurons interact to perform emergent computation. Although previous researchers have…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-06-09 Christopher Hillar , Ngoc M. Tran

We analyze a variant of the Hopfield model that incorporates an unlearning mechanism based on spin correlations in the high-temperature regime. In the large system limit where extensively many patterns are stored, we employ the replica…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-10 Shuta Takeuchi , Takashi Takahashi , Yoshiyuki Kabashima

In the mammalian brain, newly acquired memories depend on the hippocampus for maintenance and recall, but over time the neocortex takes over these functions, rendering memories hippocampus-independent. The process responsible for this…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-07-02 Peter Helfer , Thomas R. Shultz

In the present paper, an effort has been made for storing and recalling images with Hopfield Neural Network Model of auto-associative memory. Images are stored by calculating a corresponding weight matrix. Thereafter, starting from an…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2011-05-03 C. Ramya , G. Kavitha , Dr. K. S. Shreedhara

The organizational principles behind the connectivity of a complex network are known to influence its behavior. In this work we investigate, using the Hopfield model, the influence of the network architecture on the performance for…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 E. P. Rodrigues , M. S. Barbosa , L. da F. Costa

Using the Hopfield model as a benchmark case, the present work focuses on the investigation of partially annealed associative neural networks, wherein neural dynamics is coupled to slowly evolving patterns within the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-12 Linda Albanese , Andrea Alessandrelli , Adriano Barra , Silvio Franz , Federico Ricci-Tersenghi

Attractor networks are an influential theory for memory storage in brain systems. This theory has recently been challenged by the observation of strong temporal variability in neuronal recordings during memory tasks. In this work, we study…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-02 Ulises Pereira-Obilinovic , Johnatan Aljadeff , Nicolas Brunel

We test four fast mean field type algorithms on Hopfield networks as an inverse Ising problem. The equilibrium behavior of Hopfield networks is simulated through Glauber dynamics. In the low temperature regime, the simulated annealing…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2013-05-29 Haiping Huang

Associative Memories like the famous Hopfield Networks are elegant models for describing fully recurrent neural networks whose fundamental job is to store and retrieve information. In the past few years they experienced a surge of interest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Dmitry Krotov , Benjamin Hoover , Parikshit Ram , Bao Pham

We study associative memory neural networks based on the Hodgkin-Huxley type of spiking neurons. We introduce the spike-timing-dependent learning rule, in which the time window with the negative part as well as the positive part is used to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-07 Masahiko Yoshioka

We report on both analytical and numerical results concerning stochastic Hopfield--like neural automata exhibiting the following (biologically inspired) features: (1) Neurons and synapses evolve in time as in contact with respective baths…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. J. Torres , J. Marro , P. L. Garrido , J. M. Cortes , F. Ramos , M. A. Munoz

Associative memory architectures such as the Hopfield network have long been important conceptual and theoretical models for neuroscience and artificial intelligence. However, translating these abstract models into spiking neural networks…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-02 William F. Podlaski , Christian K. Machens