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Clustered standard errors and approximate randomization tests are popular inference methods that allow for dependence within observations. However, they require researchers to know the cluster structure ex ante. We propose a procedure to…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-01-14 Yong Cai

This paper studies inference in cluster randomized trials where treatment status is determined according to a "matched pairs" design. Here, by a cluster randomized experiment, we mean one in which treatment is assigned at the level of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-08-14 Yuehao Bai , Jizhou Liu , Azeem M. Shaikh , Max Tabord-Meehan

Qualitative data are widespread in domains such as healthcare, marketing, and bioinformatics, where clustering offers a fundamental tool for pattern discovery. A core difficulty of qualitative-data clustering lies in measuring similarity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zihua Yang , Xin Liao , Yiqun Zhang , Yiu-ming Cheung

We study the closure properties of the class of Bivariate Regular Variation, symbolically BRV , in standard and nonstandard cases, with respect to the randomly weighted sums. However, we take into consideration a weak dependence structure…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-24 Dimitrios G. Konstantinides , Charalampos D. Passalidis

This paper studies variable selection and post-selection inference for high-dimensional clustered data using marginal-model-based procedures. We show that, when covariates are heterogeneously distributed across clusters, marginal-model…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-26 Shangyuan Ye , Cong Zhang , Ying Chen , Ye Liang , Guanbo Wang

Propensity score (PS) methods are widely used to estimate treatment effects in non-randomized studies. Variance is typically estimated using sandwich or bootstrap methods, which can either treat the PS as estimated or fixed. The latter is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-17 Baoshan Zhang , Sean M. O'Brien , Yuan Wu , Laine E. Thomas

In cluster randomized trials, the average treatment effect among individuals (i-ATE) can be different from the cluster average treatment effect (c-ATE) when informative cluster size is present, i.e., when treatment effects or participant…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-02 Bryan S. Blette , Zhe Chen , Brennan C. Kahan , Andrew Forbes , Michael O. Harhay , Fan Li

Recent advances in domain adaptation show that deep self-training presents a powerful means for unsupervised domain adaptation. These methods often involve an iterative process of predicting on target domain and then taking the confident…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Yang Zou , Zhiding Yu , Xiaofeng Liu , B. V. K. Vijaya Kumar , Jinsong Wang

In a recent review, Liu, Pek, & Maydeu-Olivares (2025b) classified reliability coefficients into two types: classical test theory (CTT) reliability and proportional reduction in mean squared error (PRMSE). This article focuses on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Youjin Sung , Yang Liu

Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (TTRL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance reasoning capabilities on unlabeled test streams by deriving pseudo-rewards from majority voting consensus. However, existing TTRL methods rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dong Yan , Jian Liang , Yanbo Wang , Shuo Lu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Seamless phase II/III trials have become a cornerstone of modern drug development, offering a means to accelerate evaluation while maintaining statistical rigor. However, most existing inference procedures are model-based, designed…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-17 Kun Yi , Lucy Xia

In this paper, I try to tame "Basu's elephants" (data with extreme selection on observables). I propose new practical large-sample and finite-sample methods for estimating and inferring heterogeneous causal effects (under unconfoundedness)…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-01-20 Ganesh Karapakula

Robust estimators for linear regression require non-convex objective functions to shield against adverse affects of outliers. This non-convexity brings challenges, particularly when combined with penalization in high-dimensional settings.…

Computation · Statistics 2025-08-08 David Kepplinger , Siqi Wei

In a clustered observational study, a treatment is assigned to groups and all units within the group are exposed to the treatment. We develop a new method for statistical adjustment in clustered observational studies using approximate…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-06 Luke Keele , Eli Ben-Michael , Lindsay Page

For robust statistical inference it is crucial to obtain a good estimator of the variance of the proposed estimator of the statistical estimand. A commonly used estimator of the variance for an asymptotically linear estimator is the sample…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-19 Yunwen Ji , Mark van der Laan , Alan Hubbard

By restricting the possible values of the proportion of null hypotheses that are true, the local false discovery rate (LFDR) can be estimated using as few as one comparison. The proportion of proteins with equivalent abundance was estimated…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-05-13 David R. Bickel

The quantile residual lifetime (QRL) regression is an attractive tool for assessing covariate effects on the distribution of residual life expectancy, which is often of interest in clinical studies. When the study subjects are exposed to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-04 Tonghui Yu , Liming Xiang , Jong-Hyeon Jeong

Two-way fixed effects (TWFE) models are widely used in political science to establish causality, but recent methodological discussions highlight their limitations under heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) and violations of the parallel…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Albert Chiu , Xingchen Lan , Ziyi Liu , Yiqing Xu

Factor analysis is over a century old, but it is still problematic to choose the number of factors for a given data set. The scree test is popular but subjective. The best performing objective methods are recommended on the basis of…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-11-12 A. B. Owen , J. Wang

Linear models are foundational tools in statistics and ubiquitous across the applied sciences. However, conventional statistical inference -- such as $t$-tests and $F$-tests -- are only valid at fixed sample sizes, making them unsuitable…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-08 Michael Lindon , Dae Woong Ham , Martin Tingley , Iavor Bojinov