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Galled trees are studied as a recombination model in theoretic population genetics. This class of phylogenetic networks has been generalized to tree-child networks, normal networks and tree-based networks by relaxing a structural condition.…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2019-08-05 Louxin Zhang

Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of evolutionary trees that are used by biologists to represent the evolution of organisms which have undergone reticulate evolution. Essentially, a phylogenetic network is a directed acyclic graph…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-02-01 Leo van Iersel , Vincent Moulton , Eveline de Swart , Taoyang Wu

Phylogenetic networks represent evolutionary history of species and can record natural reticulate evolutionary processes such as horizontal gene transfer and gene recombination. This makes phylogenetic networks a more comprehensive…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-06-15 Remie Janssen , Pengyu Liu

Phylogenetics is a branch of computational biology that studies the evolutionary relationships among biological entities. Its long history and numerous applications notwithstanding, inference of phylogenetic trees from sequence data remains…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-26 Mingyang Zhou , Zichao Yan , Elliot Layne , Nikolay Malkin , Dinghuai Zhang , Moksh Jain , Mathieu Blanchette , Yoshua Bengio

Phylogenetic networks provide a more general description of evolutionary relationships than rooted phylogenetic trees. One way to produce a phylogenetic network is to randomly place $k$ arcs between the edges of a rooted binary phylogenetic…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-19 Michael Fuchs , Mike Steel , Qiang Zhang

Phylogenetic trees are simple models of evolutionary processes. They describe conditionally independent divergent evolution of taxa from common ancestors. Phylogenetic trees commonly do not have enough flexibility to adequately model all…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-11 Jonathan D. Mitchell , Barbara R. Holland

Phylogenetic networks extend phylogenetic trees to allow for modeling reticulate evolutionary processes such as hybridization. They take the shape of a rooted, directed, acyclic graph, and when parameterized with evolutionary parameters,…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-08-28 R. A. L. Elworth , H. A. Ogilvie , J. Zhu , L. Nakhleh

Phylogenetic trees are widely used to display estimates of how groups of species evolved. Each phylogenetic tree can be seen as a collection of clusters, subgroups of the species that evolved from a common ancestor. When phylogenetic trees…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2009-10-19 Leo van Iersel , Steven Kelk , Regula Rupp , Daniel Huson

A phylogenetic network is a graph-theoretical tool that is used by biologists to represent the evolutionary history of a collection of species. One potential way of constructing such networks is via a distance-based approach, where one is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-15 Leo van Iersel , Vincent Moulton , Yukihiro Murakami

Phylogenetic networks are graphs that are used to represent evolutionary relationships between different taxa. They generalize phylogenetic trees since for example, unlike trees, they permit lineages to combine. Recently, there has been…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-05 Katharina T. Huber , Leo van Iersel , Mark Jones , Vincent Moulton , Leonie Veenema - Nipius

Normal networks are an important class of phylogenetic networks that have compelling mathematical properties which align with intuition about inference from genetic data. While tools enabling widespread use of phylogenetic networks in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Andrew Francis , Charles Semple

Phylogenetic networks model reticulate evolutionary histories. The last two decades have seen an increased interest in establishing mathematical results and developing computational methods for inferring and analyzing these networks. A…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2016-06-24 Jiafan Zhu , Yun Yu , Luay Nakhleh

Phylogenetic networks are used to study evolutionary relationships between species in biology. Such networks are often categorized into classes by their topological features, which stem from both biological and computational motivations. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-04-17 Leo van Iersel , Remie Janssen , Mark Jones , Yukihiro Murakami , Norbert Zeh

The space of phylogenetic trees arises naturally in tropical geometry as the tropical Grassmannian. Tropical geometry therefore suggests a natural notion of a tropical path between two trees, given by a tropical line segment in the tropical…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-06 Shelby Cox

In phylogenetics, tree-based networks are used to model and visualize the evolutionary history of species where reticulate events such as horizontal gene transfer have occurred. Formally, a tree-based network $N$ consists of a phylogenetic…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Jonathan Klawitter , Peter Stumpf

In evolutionary biology, networks are becoming increasingly used to represent evolutionary histories for species that have undergone non-treelike or reticulate evolution. Such networks are essentially directed acyclic graphs with a leaf set…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-23 Katharina T. Huber , Leo van Iersel , Vincent Moulton , Guillaume Scholz

Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that allow for the representation of non-treelike evolutionary events, like recombination, hybridization, or lateral gene transfer. In a recent series of papers devoted to the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2007-07-17 Gabriel Cardona , Francesc Rossello , Gabriel Valiente

Phylogenetic trees and networks are leaf-labelled graphs that are used to describe evolutionary histories of species. The Tree Containment problem asks whether a given phylogenetic tree is embedded in a given phylogenetic network. Given a…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2010-06-17 Leo van Iersel , Charles Semple , Mike Steel

Attempting to recognize a tree inside a phylogenetic network is a fundamental undertaking in evolutionary analysis. In the last few years, therefore, tree-based phylogenetic networks, which are defined by a spanning tree called a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-29 Momoko Hayamizu

Recently, so-called treebased phylogenetic networks have gained considerable interest in the literature, where a treebased network is a network that can be constructed from a phylogenetic tree, called the base tree, by adding additional…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2019-11-28 Mareike Fischer , Michelle Galla , Lina Herbst , Yangjing Long , Kristina Wicke