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Quantum process tomography (QPT) is a fundamental tool for fully characterizing quantum systems. It relies on querying a set of quantum states as input to the quantum process. Previous QPT methods typically employ a straightforward strategy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-06 Jiaqi Yang , Xiaohua Xu , Wei Xie

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a popular introduction to quantum technologies used in education and public outreach, as very little background in quantum theory is needed and the practical applications are easily understood. There is…

Physics Education · Physics 2026-01-27 Brian R. La Cour , Noah A. Davis

In this paper, we investigate properties of some multi-particle entangled states and, from the properties applying the secret sharing present a new type of quantum key distribution protocols as generalization of quantum key distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Sora Choi , Jinsoo Kim , Dong Pyo Chi

Quantum key distribution, which allows two distant parties to share an unconditionally secure cryptographic key, promises to play an important role in the future of communication. For this reason such technique has attracted many…

It has become increasingly common for high-school students to see media reports on the importance of quantum mechanics in the development of next-generation industries such as drug development and secure communication, but few of them have…

Physics Education · Physics 2019-08-30 Maria Jose Carreño , Jonathan Sepúlveda , Silvia Tecpan , Carla Hernández , Felipe Herrera

We show in details the four quantum key distribution protocols which initiated the important field of quantum cryptography, using an accessible language for undergraduate students. We begin presenting the BB84 protocol, which uses…

Physics Education · Physics 2007-05-23 Gustavo Rigolin , Andres A. Rieznik

Quantum information and quantum foundations are becoming popular topics for advanced undergraduate courses. Many of the fundamental concepts and applications in these two fields, such as delayed choice experiments and quantum encryption,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-07 Tarek A. Elsayed

Quantum computing is a technology that promises to offer significant advantages during the coming decades. Though the technology is still in a prototype stage, the last few years have seen many of these prototype devices become accessible…

This tutorial intends to introduce readers with a background in AI to quantum machine learning (QML) -- a rapidly evolving field that seeks to leverage the power of quantum computers to reshape the landscape of machine learning. For…

Quantum energy teleportation (QET) is a process that leverages quantum entanglement and local operations to transfer energy between two spatially separated locations without physically transporting particles or energy carriers. We construct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Shlomi Dolev , Kazuki Ikeda , Yaron Oz

Quantum key distribution---exchanging a random secret key relying on a quantum mechanical resource---is the core feature of secure quantum networks. Entanglement-based protocols offer additional layers of security and scale favorably with…

English abstract: In the "Intuitive Quantum Physics" course, we use graphical interpretations of mathematical equations and qualitative reasoning to develop and teach a simplified model of quantum physics. Our course contains three units:…

Physics Education · Physics 2007-05-23 Michael C. Wittmann

Quantum technology can enable secure communication for cryptography purposes using quantum key distribution. Quantum key distribution protocols provide a secret key between two users with security guaranteed by the laws of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-11 Venkat Abhignan , Abhishek Jamunkar , Gokul Nair , Mohit Mittal , Megha Shrivastava

This paper presents, via an explicit example with a real-world dataset, a hands-on introduction to the field of quantum machine learning (QML). We focus on the case of learning with a single qubit, using data re-uploading techniques. After…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-11 Elena Peña Tapia , Giannicola Scarpa , Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens

As the field of Quantum Computing continues to grow, so too has the general public's interest in testing some of the publicly available quantum computers. However, many might find learning all of the supplementary information that goes into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-12 Daniel Koch , Laura Wessing , Paul M. Alsing

Quantum machine learning, as an extension of classical machine learning that harnesses quantum mechanics, facilitates effiient learning from data encoded in quantum states. Training a quantum neural network typically demands a substantial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Yongcheng Ding , Yue Ban , Mikel Sanz , José D. Martín-Guerrero , Xi Chen

We present a quantum key distribution protocol based on four-level particles entanglement. Furthermore, a controlled quantum key distribution protocol is proposed by utilizing three four-level particles. We show that the two protocols are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-07 Tao Yan , Fengli Yan

We present two robust quantum key distribution protocols against two kinds of collective noise, following some ideas in quantum dense coding. Three-qubit entangled states are used as quantum information carriers, two of which forming the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-01-12 Xi-Han Li , Bao-Kui Zhao , Yu-Bo Sheng , Fu-Guo Deng , Hong-Yu Zhou

In this paper we present quantum key distribution protocol that, instead of single qubits, uses mesoscopic coherent states of light $|\alpha\rangle$ to encode bit values of a randomly generated key. Given the reference value…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-04 G. A. Barbosa , J. van de Graaf , P. Mateus , N. Paunković

Secure communication protocols are becoming increasingly important, e.g. for internet-based communication. Quantum key distribution allows two parties, commonly called Alice and Bob, to generate a secret sequence of 0s and 1s called a key…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-04-05 Antje Kohnle , Aluna Rizzoli