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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a common interface connecting large language models (LLMs) with external services. Remote deployments are becoming increasingly important as agents connect to user-linked online services, such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Huijun Zhou , Xiaohan Zhang , Haozhe Zhang , Haoyang Zhang , Mi Zhang , Min Yang

Open-source software OSS is widely adopted in enterprise settings, but standalone tools often lack native support for protocols like SAML or OIDC, creating a critical security integration gap. This paper introduces and formalizes the Auth…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yuvraj Agrawal

Fast Identity Online 2 (FIDO2), a modern authentication protocol, is gaining popularity as a default strong authentication mechanism. It has been recognized as a leading candidate to overcome limitations (e.g., it is phishing resistant) of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Michal Kepkowski , Maciej Machulak , Ian Wood , Dali Kaafar

The Second Payment Services Directive (PSD2) of the European Union aims to create a consumer-friendly financial market by mandating secure and standardised data sharing between banking operators and third parties. Consequently, EU countries…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Paolo Modesti , Leo Freitas , Qudus Shotomiwa , Abdulaziz Almehrej

The FIDO2 protocol aims to strengthen or replace password authentication using public-key cryptography. FIDO2 has primarily focused on defending against attacks from afar by remote attackers that compromise a password or attempt to phish…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Tarun Kumar Yadav , Kent Seamons

The widespread adoption of cloud computing has resulted in the proliferation of open source cloud computing frameworks that give more control to enterprises over their data and networks. Though the benefits of open source software are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-16 Irum Rauf , Elena Troubitsyna

Many tools and libraries are readily available to build and operate distributed Web applications. While the setup of operational environments is comparatively easy, practice shows that their continuous secure operation is more difficult to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-07-13 Matteo Maria Casalino , Michele Mangili , Henrik Plate , Serena Elisa Ponta

Web authentication is a critical component of today's Internet and the digital world we interact with. The FIDO2 protocol enables users to leverage common devices to easily authenticate to online services in both mobile and desktop…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wei-Zhu Yeoh , Michal Kepkowski , Gunnar Heide , Dali Kaafar , Lucjan Hanzlik

We propose a methodology for verifying security properties of network protocols at design level. It can be separated in two main parts: context and requirements analysis and informal verification; and formal representation and procedural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-10-29 Jesus Diaz , David Arroyo , Francisco B. Rodriguez

AI agents increasingly require direct, structured access to application data and actions, but production deployments still struggle to express and verify the governance properties that matter in practice: least-privilege authorization,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Genliang Zhu , Chu Wang , Ziyuan Wang , Zhida Li , Qiang Li

The continuous rise in the adoption of emerging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) by businesses has brought unprecedented opportunities for innovation and growth. However, due to the distinct characteristics of these emerging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Oghenetejiri Okporokpo , Funminiyi Olajide , Nemitari Ajienka , Xiaoqi Ma

Softwarization and virtualization in 5G and beyond require rigorous testing against vulnerabilities and unintended emergent behaviors for critical infrastructure and network security assurance. Formal methods operates efficiently in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Jingda Yang , Ying Wang

The Huge growth in the usage of web applications has raised concerns regarding their security vulnerabilities, which in turn pushes toward robust security testing tools. This study compares OWASP ZAP, the leading open-source web application…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Usha-Sri Potti , Hong-Sheng Huang , Hsuan-Tung Chen , Hung-Min Sun

This paper presents a timing attack on the FIDO2 (Fast IDentity Online) authentication protocol that allows attackers to link user accounts stored in vulnerable authenticators, a serious privacy concern. FIDO2 is a new standard specified by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Michal Kepkowski , Lucjan Hanzlik , Ian Wood , Mohamed Ali Kaafar

OpenID Connect (OIDC) enables a user with commercial-off-the-shelf browsers to log into multiple websites, called relying parties (RPs), by her username and credential set up in another trusted web system, called the identity provider…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Jingqiang Lin , Baitao Zhang , Wei Wang , Quanwei Cai , Jiwu Jing , Huiyang He

Even if the verification of authentication protocols can be achieved by means of formal analysis, the modelling of such an activity is an error-prone task due to the lack of automated and integrated processes. This paper proposes a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Mariapia Raimondo , Stefano Marrone , Angelo Palladino

As software becomes more complex and assumes an even greater role in our lives, formal verification is set to become the gold standard in securing software systems into the future, since it can guarantee the absence of errors and entire…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Carolina Carreira , João F. Ferreira , Alexandra Mendes , Nicolas Christin

In this work we present and formally analyze CHAT-SRP (CHAos based Tickets-Secure Registration Protocol), a protocol to provide interactive and collaborative platforms with a cryptographically robust solution to classical security issues.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-09-07 Jesus Diaz , David Arroyo , Francisco B. Rodriguez

The latest Wi-Fi security standard, IEEE 802.11, includes a secure authentication protocol called SAE, whose use is mandatory for WPA3-Personal networks. The protocol is specified at two separate but linked levels: a traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Roberto Metere , Mario Lilli , Luca Arnaboldi , Elvinia Riccobene

The microservice bombshells that have been linked with the microservice expansion have altered the application architectures, offered agility and scalability in terms of complexity in security trade-offs. Feeble legacy-based perimeter-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Rethish Nair Rajendran , Sathish Krishna Anumula , Dileep Kumar Rai , Sachin Agrawal