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In reinforcement learning (RL), temporal difference (TD) errors are widely adopted for optimizing value and policy functions. However, since the TD error is defined by a bootstrap method, its computation tends to be noisy and destabilize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Taisuke Kobayashi

Recent studies have shown that it is possible to combine machine learning methods with data assimilation to reconstruct a dynamical system using only sparse and noisy observations of that system. The same approach can be used to correct the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-09 Alban Farchi , Marc Bocquet , Patrick Laloyaux , Massimo Bonavita , Quentin Malartic

Learning to act from observational data without active environmental interaction is a well-known challenge in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Recent approaches involve constraints on the learned policy or conservative updates, preventing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Georg Ostrovski , Pablo Samuel Castro , Will Dabney

Modern decision-making systems, from robots to web recommendation engines, are expected to adapt: to user preferences, changing circumstances or even new tasks. Yet, it is still uncommon to deploy a dynamically learning agent (rather than a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Shengpu Tang , Felipe Vieira Frujeri , Dipendra Misra , Alex Lamb , John Langford , Paul Mineiro , Sebastian Kochman

We devise a distributional variant of gradient temporal-difference (TD) learning. Distributional reinforcement learning has been demonstrated to outperform the regular one in the recent study \citep{bellemare2017distributional}. In the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Chao Qu , Shie Mannor , Huan Xu

We quantify the efficiency of temporal difference (TD) learning over the direct, or Monte Carlo (MC), estimator for policy evaluation in reinforcement learning, with an emphasis on estimation of quantities related to rare events. Policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Xiaoou Cheng , Jonathan Weare

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn a policy using only pre-collected and fixed data. Although avoiding the time-consuming online interactions in RL, it poses challenges for out-of-distribution (OOD) state actions and often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Jinxin Liu , Ziqi Zhang , Zhenyu Wei , Zifeng Zhuang , Yachen Kang , Sibo Gai , Donglin Wang

Spiking neural networks (SNN) as time-dependent hypotheses consisting of spiking nodes (neurons) and directed edges (synapses) are believed to offer unique solutions to reward prediction tasks and the related feedback that are classified as…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-17 Doo Seok Jeong

Temporal difference learning and Residual Gradient methods are the most widely used temporal difference based learning algorithms; however, it has been shown that none of their objective functions is optimal w.r.t approximating the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-21 Bo Liu , Daoming Lyu , Wen Dong , Saad Biaz

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are widely used for online regression due to their ability to generalize nonlinear temporal dependencies. As an RNN model, Long-Short-Term-Memory Networks (LSTMs) are commonly preferred in practice, as these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 N. Mert Vural , Fatih Ilhan , Selim F. Yilmaz , Salih Ergüt , Suleyman S. Kozat

Since the earliest days of reinforcement learning, the workhorse method for assigning credit to actions over time has been temporal-difference (TD) learning, which propagates credit backward timestep-by-timestep. This approach suffers when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-25 David Raposo , Sam Ritter , Adam Santoro , Greg Wayne , Theophane Weber , Matt Botvinick , Hado van Hasselt , Francis Song

Temporal action detection (TAD) is an important yet challenging task in video understanding. It aims to simultaneously predict the semantic label and the temporal interval of every action instance in an untrimmed video. Rather than…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Xiaolong Liu , Song Bai , Xiang Bai

The explosion of Time Series (TS) data, driven by advancements in technology, necessitates sophisticated analytical methods. Modern management systems increasingly rely on analyzing this data, highlighting the importance of effcient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Seyedeh Azadeh Fallah Mortezanejad , Ruochen Wang

TD(0) is one of the most commonly used algorithms in reinforcement learning. Despite this, there is no existing finite sample analysis for TD(0) with function approximation, even for the linear case. Our work is the first to provide such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Gal Dalal , Balázs Szörényi , Gugan Thoppe , Shie Mannor

The field of Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) aims to derive effective policies from pre-collected datasets without active environment interaction. While traditional offline RL algorithms like Conservative Q-Learning (CQL) and Implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Ali Murtaza Caunhye , Asad Jeewa

Rewards play an essential role in reinforcement learning. In contrast to rule-based game environments with well-defined reward functions, complex real-world robotic applications, such as contact-rich manipulation, lack explicit and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Yuning Wu , Jieliang Luo , Hui Li

We investigate the effectiveness of reinforcement learning methods for finetuning large language models when transitioning from offline to semi-online to fully online regimes for both verifiable and non-verifiable tasks. Our experiments…

Temporal Action Detection (TAD) is an essential and challenging topic in video understanding, aiming to localize the temporal segments containing human action instances and predict the action categories. The previous works greatly rely upon…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Jiannan Wu , Peize Sun , Shoufa Chen , Jiewen Yang , Zihao Qi , Lan Ma , Ping Luo

Recently, supervised learning (SL) methodology has emerged as an effective approach for offline reinforcement learning (RL) due to their simplicity, stability, and efficiency. However, recent studies show that SL methods lack the trajectory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Xing Lei , Zifeng Zhuang , Shentao Yang , Sheng Xu , Yunhao Luo , Fei Shen , Wenyan Yang , Xuetao Zhang , Donglin Wang

Preference-based Reinforcement Learning (PbRL) entails a variety of approaches for aligning models with human intent to alleviate the burden of reward engineering. However, most previous PbRL work has not investigated the robustness to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Sara Rajaram , R. James Cotton , Fabian H. Sinz