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Decision trees with binary splits are popularly constructed using Classification and Regression Trees (CART) methodology. For regression models, this approach recursively divides the data into two near-homogenous daughter nodes according to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-20 Jason M. Klusowski

Per-instance automated algorithm configuration and selection are gaining significant moments in evolutionary computation in recent years. Two crucial, sometimes implicit, ingredients for these automated machine learning (AutoML) methods are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Ana Nikolikj , Carola Doerr , Tome Eftimov

Generalized linear and additive models are very efficient regression tools but the selection of relevant terms becomes difficult if higher order interactions are needed. In contrast, tree-based methods also known as recursive partitioning…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-04-21 Gerhard Tutz , Moritz Berger

Cross-validation (CV) is a widely-used method of predictive assessment based on repeated model fits to different subsets of the available data. CV is applicable in a wide range of statistical settings. However, in cases where data are not…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-23 Alex Cooper , Aki Vehtari , Catherine Forbes

The standard procedure to decide on the complexity of a CART regression tree is to use cross-validation with the aim of obtaining a predictor that generalises well to unseen data. The randomness in the selection of folds implies that the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-29 Nils Engler , Mathias Lindholm , Filip Lindskog , Taariq Nazar

Statistical machine learning models should be evaluated and validated before putting to work. Conventional k-fold Monte Carlo Cross-Validation (MCCV) procedure uses a pseudo-random sequence to partition instances into k subsets, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-07-05 Liang Guo , Jianya Liu , Ruodan Lu

This paper shows that decision trees constructed with Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and C4.5 methodology are consistent for regression and classification tasks, even when the number of predictor variables grows…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-15 Jason M. Klusowski , Peter M. Tian

In this paper we present a novel mathematical optimization-based methodology to construct tree-shaped classification rules for multiclass instances. Our approach consists of building Classification Trees in which, except for the leaf nodes,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-17 Víctor Blanco , Alberto Japón , Justo Puerto

We propose a new approach to safe variable preselection in high-dimensional penalized regression, such as the lasso. Preselection - to start with a manageable set of covariates - has often been implemented without clear appreciation of its…

Model trees provide an appealing way to perform interpretable machine learning for both classification and regression problems. In contrast to ``classic'' decision trees with constant values in their leaves, model trees can use linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Eibe Frank

Decision trees with binary splits are popularly constructed using Classification and Regression Trees (CART) methodology. For binary classification and regression models, this approach recursively divides the data into two near-homogenous…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-17 Jason M. Klusowski

CART random forests are among the most widely used modern predictive methods, with well-documented empirical success. Yet, at the mechanistic level, the algorithm is often treated as a black box because of its complexity. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-27 Tianxing Mei , Yingying Fan , Mingming Leng , Jinchi Lv

In this work, we propose a novel node splitting method for regression trees and incorporate it into the regression forest framework. Unlike traditional binary splitting, where the splitting rule is selected from a predefined set of binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-07-16 Kota Hara , Rama Chellappa

Penalized logistic regression methods are frequently used to investigate the relationship between a binary outcome and a set of explanatory variables. The model performance can be assessed by measures such as the concordance statistic…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-20 Angelika Geroldinger , Lara Lusa , Mariana Nold , Georg Heinze

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a key role in enhancing the robustness of artificial intelligence systems by identifying inputs that differ significantly from the training distribution, thereby preventing unreliable predictions…

We propose Partition Tree, a novel tree-based framework for conditional density estimation over general outcome spaces that supports both continuous and categorical variables within a unified formulation. Our approach models conditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Felipe Angelim , Alessandro Leite

Predictive clustering trees (PCTs) are a well established generalization of standard decision trees, which can be used to solve a variety of predictive modeling tasks, including structured output prediction. Combining them into ensembles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Tomaž Stepišnik , Dragi Kocev

Accurately assessing a patient's risk of a given event is essential in making informed treatment decisions. One approach is to stratify patients into two or more distinct risk groups with respect to a specific outcome using both clinical…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-03-17 Karen Lostritto , Robert Strawderman , Annette Molinaro

Variable division and optimization (D\&O) is a frequently utilized algorithm design paradigm in Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs). A D\&O EA divides a variable into partial variables and then optimize them respectively. A complicated problem is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Yi Chen , Aimin Zhou

Cross-validation plays a fundamental role in Machine Learning, enabling robust evaluation of model performance and preventing overestimation on training and validation data. However, one of its drawbacks is the potential to create data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Afonso Martini Spezia , Thomas Fontanari , Mariana Recamonde-Mendoza