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A connection between the algebra of rooted trees used in renormalization theory and Runge-Kutta methods is pointed out. Butcher's group and B-series are shown to provide a suitable framework for renormalizing a toy model of field the ory,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-09-13 Christian Brouder

This paper provides a brief history of B-series and the associated Butcher group and presents the new theory of word series and extended word series. B-series (Hairer and Wanner 1976) are formal series of functions parameterized by rooted…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-03-25 Jesus Maria Sanz-Serna , Ander Murua

The Butcher theory provides a powerful tool for analyzing order conditions of Runge-Kutta schemes for ordinary differential equations (ODEs); however, such a theory has not yet been well established for backward stochastic differential…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Shuixin Fang , Yue Qiu , Weidong Zhao

We show that without other further assumption than affine equivariance and locality, a numerical integrator has an expansion in a generalized form of Butcher series (B-series) which we call aromatic B-series. We obtain an explicit…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-02-24 Hans Munthe-Kaas , Olivier Verdier

A simple and elementary proof of Butcher's theorem on the order conditions of Runge-Kutta methods is presented. It is based on a recursive definition of rooted trees and avoids combinatorial tools such as labelings and Faa di Bruno's…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-20 Folkmar Bornemann

Butcher series are combinatorial devices used in the study of numerical methods for differential equations evolving on vector spaces. More precisely, they are formal series developments of differential operators indexed over rooted trees,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2013-04-09 Alexander Lundervold , Hans Munthe-Kaas

The perturbation expansion of the solution of a fixed point equation or of an ordinary differential equation may be expressed as a power series in the perturbation parameter. The terms in this series are indexed by rooted trees and depend…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-30 William G. Faris

The Butcher group is a powerful tool to analyse integration methods for ordinary differential equations, in particular Runge--Kutta methods. Recently, a natural Lie group structure has been constructed for this group. Unfortunately, the…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-12 Geir Bogfjellmo , Alexander Schmeding

We consider simply generated trees and study multiplicative functions on rooted plane trees. We show that the associated generating functions satisfy differential equations or difference equations. Our approach considers B-series from…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Christian Mazza

We propose a novel way to study numerical methods for ordinary differential equations in one dimension via the notion of multi-indice. The main idea is to replace rooted trees in Butcher's B-series by multi-indices. The latter were…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-27 Yvain Bruned , Kurusch Ebrahimi-Fard , Yingtong Hou

Runge-Kutta methods have an irreplaceable position among numerical methods designed to solve ordinary differential equations. Especially, implicit ones are suitable for approximating solutions of stiff initial value problems. We propose a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-12-13 Hana Mizerová , Katarína Tvrdá

The main goal of this paper is to provide an algorithm for the random sampling of Butcher trees and the probabilistic numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This approach complements and simplifies a recent approach…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Qiao Huang , Nicolas Privault

The exotic aromatic Butcher series were originally introduced for the calculation of order conditions for the high order numerical integration of ergodic stochastic differential equations in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and on manifolds. We prove in this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-04 Adrien Laurent , Hans Munthe-Kaas

In this paper, we extend the Paired-Explicit Runge-Kutta schemes by Vermeire et. al. to fourth-order of consistency. Based on the order conditions for partitioned Runge-Kutta methods we motivate a specific form of the Butcher arrays which…

Classical and new numerical schemes are generated using evolutionary computing. Differential Evolution is used to find the coefficients of finite difference approximations of function derivatives, and of single and multi-step integration…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-01-02 C. D. Erdbrink , V. V. Krzhizhanovskaya , P. M. A. Sloot

We introduce a new algebraic framework based on a modification (called exotic) of aromatic Butcher-series for the systematic study of the accuracy of numerical integrators for the invariant measure of a class of ergodic stochastic…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-10-09 Adrien Laurent , Gilles Vilmart

This work presents a new evolutionary optimization algorithm in theoretical mathematics with important applications in scientific computing. The use of the evolutionary algorithm is justified by the difficulty of the study of the…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2017-10-31 Ivan Martino , Giuseppe Nicosia

Runge-Kutta methods are the classic family of solvers for ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and the basis for the state of the art. Like most numerical methods, they return point estimates. We construct a family of probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-10-27 Michael Schober , David Duvenaud , Philipp Hennig

In this paper a set of previous general results for the development of B--series for a broad class of stochastic differential equations has been collected. The applicability of these results is demonstrated by the derivation of B--series…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-01-08 Alemayehu Adugna Arara , Kristian Debrabant , Anne Kværnø

Fractional-step methods are a popular and powerful divide-and-conquer approach for the numerical solution of differential equations. When the integrators of the fractional steps are Runge--Kutta methods, such methods can be written as…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-01-25 Raymond J. Spiteri , Siqi Wei
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