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We introduce ACER, an AST-based call graph generator framework. ACER leverages tree-sitter to interface with any language. We opted to focus on generators that operate on abstract syntax trees (ASTs) due to their speed and simplicitly in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Andrew Chen , Yanfu Yan , Denys Poshyvanyk

Generating valid test inputs for a program is much easier if one knows the input language. We present first successes for a technique that, given a program P without any input samples or models, learns an input grammar that represents the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-10-22 Rahul Gopinath , Björn Mathis , Mathias Höschele , Alexander Kampmann , Andreas Zeller

We present an algorithm for synthesizing a context-free grammar encoding the language of valid program inputs from a set of input examples and blackbox access to the program. Our algorithm addresses shortcomings of existing grammar…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Osbert Bastani , Rahul Sharma , Alex Aiken , Percy Liang

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is a task of detecting and correcting grammatical errors in sentences. Recently, neural machine translation systems have become popular approaches for this task. However, these methods lack the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Zhaohong Wan , Xiaojun Wan

The negative sampling (NEG) objective function, used in word2vec, is a simplification of the Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) method. NEG was found to be highly effective in learning continuous word representations. However, unlike NCE,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-06 Oren Melamud , Ido Dagan , Jacob Goldberger

The task of translating between programming languages differs from the challenge of translating natural languages in that programming languages are designed with a far more rigid set of structural and grammatical rules. Previous work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-06 Mehdi Drissi , Olivia Watkins , Aditya Khant , Vivaswat Ojha , Pedro Sandoval , Rakia Segev , Eric Weiner , Robert Keller

In this paper, we present a derivative-based, functional recognizer and parser generator for visibly pushdown grammars. The generated parser accepts ambiguous grammars and produces a parse forest containing all valid parse trees for an…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Xiaodong Jia , Ashish Kumar , Gang Tan

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new frontiers in computing, yet controlling and orchestrating their capabilities beyond simple text generation remains a challenge. Current methods, such as function/tool calling…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Behnam Mohammadi

The design and implementation of precise static analyzers for significant fragments of modern imperative languages like C, C++, Java and Python is a challenging problem. In this paper, we consider a core imperative language that has several…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2007-06-28 Roberto Bagnara , Patricia M. Hill , Andrea Pescetti , Enea Zaffanella

Graph-based semantic representations are valuable in natural language processing, where it is often simple and effective to represent linguistic concepts as nodes, and relations as edges between them. Several attempts has been made to find…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Johanna Björklund , Frank Drewes , Anna Jonsson

A grammar logic refers to an extension to the multi-modal logic K in which the modal axioms are generated from a formal grammar. We consider a proof theory, in nested sequent calculus, of grammar logics with converse, i.e., every modal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-04-12 Alwen Tiu , Egor Ianovski , Rajeev Gore

Despite the plethora of powerful software to spot bugs, identify performance bottlenecks or simply improve the overall quality of code, programming languages remain the first and most important tool of a developer. Therefore, appropriate…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Dimitri Racordon , Didier Buchs

Software engineers use regular expressions (regexes) across a wide range of domains and tasks. To support regexes, software projects must integrate a regex engine, whether provided natively by the language runtime (e.g., Python's re) or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Berk Çakar , Dongyoon Lee , James C. Davis

The grammars used in grammar-based Genetic Programming (GP) methods have a significant impact on the quality of the solutions generated since they define the search space by restricting the solutions to its syntax. In this work, we propose…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Jessica Mégane , Nuno Lourenço , Penousal Machado

How can we perform computations over natural language representations to solve tasks that require symbolic and numeric reasoning? We propose natural language embedded programs (NLEP) as a unifying framework for addressing math/symbolic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Tianhua Zhang , Jiaxin Ge , Hongyin Luo , Yung-Sung Chuang , Mingye Gao , Yuan Gong , Xixin Wu , Yoon Kim , Helen Meng , James Glass

Error recovery is an essential feature for a parser that should be plugged in Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), which must build Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs) even for syntactically invalid programs in order to offer features such…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Sérgio Queiroz de Medeiros , Fabio Mascarenhas

We propose a new grammar-based language for defining information-extractors from documents (text) that is built upon the well-studied framework of document spanners for extracting structured data from text. While previously studied…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Liat Peterfreund

Parsing is a fundamental building block in modern compilers, and for industrial programming languages, it is a surprisingly involved task. There are known approaches to generate parsers automatically, but the prevailing consensus is that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Joe Zimmerman

Generative models for source code are an interesting structured prediction problem, requiring to reason about both hard syntactic and semantic constraints as well as about natural, likely programs. We present a novel model for this problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-18 Marc Brockschmidt , Miltiadis Allamanis , Alexander L. Gaunt , Oleksandr Polozov

Ezhil is a Tamil language based interpreted procedural programming language. Tamil keywords and grammar are chosen to make the native Tamil speaker write programs in the Ezhil system. Ezhil allows easy representation of computer program…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2009-07-29 Muthiah Annamalai