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In a graph, we assign distinct integers to the vertices, and take the sum of two integers if they are on two adjacent vertices. The minimum possible number of different sums is the \emph{sum index} of this graph. In this paper, we present…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Dheer Noal Desai , Runze Wang

Introduced by Gutman in 2021, the Sombor index is a novel graph-theoretic topological descriptor possessing potential applications in the modeling of thermodynamic properties of compounds. Let G^k_n be the set of all n-vertex connected…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-01 Sakander Hayat , Ansar Rehman , Yubin Zhong

The $M$-polynomial was introduced by Deutsch and Klav\v{z}ar in 2015 as a graph polynomial to provide an easy way to find closed formulas of degree-based topological indices, which are used to predict physical, chemical, and pharmacological…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-29 Abdul Rauf Nizami , Muhammad Idrees , Numan Amin

Topological indices are a class of numerical invariants that predict certain physical and chemical properties of molecules. Recently, two novel topological indices, named as Sombor index and reduced Sombor index, were introduced by Gutman,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-24 Hechao Liu , Lihua You , Yufei Huang

A set-indexer of a graph $G$ is an injective set-valued function $f:V(G) \rightarrow2^{X}$ such that the function $f^{\oplus}:E(G)\rightarrow2^{X}-\{\emptyset\}$ defined by $f^{\oplus}(uv) = f(u){\oplus} f(v)$ for every $uv{\in} E(G)$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-03-25 N. K. Sudev , K. A. Germina

As a generalization of super magic strength, the strength of a graph was introduced in [R. Ichishima, F.A. Muntaner-Batle, A. Oshima, Bounds for the strength of graphs, Austral. J. of Combin. 72(3) (2018) 492-508]. For a vertex ordering $f$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-30 Melissa A. Huggan , M. E. Messinger , Dylan Pearson

Recently, Gutman defined a new vertex-degree-based graph invariant, named the Sombor index $SO$ of a graph $G$, and is defined by $$SO(G)=\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d_G(u)^2+d_G(v)^2},$$ where $d_G(v)$ is the degree of the vertex $v$ of $G$. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-26 Batmend Horoldagva , Chunlei Xu

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple graph. The concept of Inverse symmetric division deg index $(ISDD)$ was introduced in the chemical graph theory very recently. In spite of this, a few papers have already appeared with this index in the literature.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-13 Kinkar Chandra Das , B. R. Rakshith , Wojciech Macek

A sum graph is a finite simple graph whose vertex set is labeled with distinct positive integers such that two vertices are adjacent if and only if the sum of their labels is itself another label. The spum of a graph $G$ is the minimum…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-26 Rupert Li

In this paper, we deduce some properties of $f$-sets of connected graphs. Also, we introduce the concept of fixing share of each vertex of a fixing set $D$ to see the participation of each vertex when fixing a connected graph $G$. We define…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-05-01 Imran Javaid , Hira Benish , Usman Ali , M. Murtaza

Let $d_G(v)$ be the degree of the vertex $v$ in a graph $G$. The Sombor index of $G$ is defined as $SO(G) =\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d^2_G(u)+d^2_G(v)}$, which is a new degree-based topological index introduced by Gutman. Let…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-16 Ting Zhou , Zhen Lin , Lianying Miao

In the paper we develop new methods for calculating the two well-known topological indices, the degree-distance and the Gutman index. Firstly, we prove that the Wiener index of a double vertex-weighted graph can be computed from the Wiener…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-09 Simon Brezovnik , Niko Tratnik

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a finite simple graph. The Sombor index $SO(G)$ of $G$ is defined as $\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d_u^2+d_v^2}$, where $d_u$ is the degree of vertex $u$ in $G$. Let $G$ be a connected graph constructed from pairwise disjoint…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-26 Saeid Alikhani , Nima Ghanbari

Xu in 2011 determined the largest value of the second Zagreb index in an $n$-vertex graph $G$ with clique number $k$, and also the smallest value with the additional assumption that $G$ is connected. We extend these results to other…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-22 Dániel Gerbner

In this paper, we investigate the Diminished Sombor index (DSO), a recently introduced degree-based topological index for a simple graph $G$, defined as \[ DSO(G) = \sum_{uv \in E} \frac{\sqrt{d_u^2+d_v^2}}{d_u+d_v}, \] where $d_u$ denotes…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 F. Movahedi

We introduce a degree-based variable topological index inspired on the power (or generalized) mean. We name this new index as the mean Sombor index: $mSO_\alpha(G) = \sum_{uv \in E(G)} \left[\left( d_u^\alpha+d_v^\alpha \right) /2…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-10-07 J. A. Mendez-Bermudez , R. Aguilar-Sanchez , Edil D. Molina , José M. Rodríguez

Very recently, a bond-additive topological descriptor, known as the Mostar index, has been proposed as a measure of peripherality in graphs and networks. In this article, we compute the Mostar index of corona product, Cartesian product,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-20 Shehnaz Akhter , Zahid Iqbal , Adnan Aslam , Wei Gao

In 2021, the Sombor index was introduced by Gutman, which is a new degree-based topological molecular descriptors. The Sombor index of a graph $G$ is defined as $SO(G) =\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d^2_G(u)+d^2_G(v)}$, where $d_G(v)$ is the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-09 Ting Zhou , Zhen Lin , Lianying Miao

Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a hypergraph on the non-empty finite vertex set $V(\mathcal{H})$ with the hyperedge set $E(\mathcal{H})$, where each hyperedge $e \in E(\mathcal{H})$ is a subset of $V(\mathcal{H})$ with at least two vertices. This…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Abdulkafi Sanad

The aim of this paper is to obtain new inequalities for a large family of topological indices restricted to unicyclic graphs and to characterize the set of extremal unicyclic graphs with respect to them. This family includes variable first…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-16 Álvaro Martínez-Pérez , José M. Rodríguez
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