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The AI model has surpassed human players in the game of Go, and it is widely believed that the AI model has encoded new knowledge about the Go game beyond human players. In this way, explaining the knowledge encoded by the AI model and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Huilin Zhou , Huijie Tang , Mingjie Li , Hao Zhang , Zhenyu Liu , Quanshi Zhang

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), most famously used in game-play artificial intelligence (e.g., the game of Go), is a well-known strategy for constructing approximate solutions to sequential decision problems. Its primary innovation is the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-21 Daniel R. Jiang , Lina Al-Kanj , Warren B. Powell

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a branch of stochastic modeling that utilizes decision trees for optimization, mostly applied to artificial intelligence (AI) game players. This project imagines a game in which an AI player searches for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Elana Kozak , Scott Hottovy

The widespread availability of superhuman AI engines is changing how we play the ancient game of Go. The open-source software packages developed after the AlphaGo series shifted focus from producing strong playing entities to providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Attila Egri-Nagy , Antti Törmänen

In combination with Reinforcement Learning, Monte-Carlo Tree Search has shown to outperform human grandmasters in games such as Chess, Shogi and Go with little to no prior domain knowledge. However, most classical use cases only feature up…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Jannis Weil , Johannes Czech , Tobias Meuser , Kristian Kersting

Since the advent of computers, many tasks which required humans to spend a lot of time and energy have been trivialized by the computers' ability to perform repetitive tasks extremely quickly. Playing chess is one such task. It was one of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Rahul Aralikatte , G Srinivasaraghavan

Accurately estimating human skill levels is crucial for designing effective human-AI interactions so that AI can provide appropriate challenges or guidance. In games where AI players have beaten top human professionals, strength estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Kyota Kuboki , Tatsuyoshi Ogawa , Chu-Hsuan Hsueh , Shi-Jim Yen , Kokolo Ikeda

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) methods have proven powerful in planning for sequential decision-making problems such as Go and video games, but their performance can be poor when the planning depth and sampling trajectories are limited or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-04-26 Xiaoxiao Guo , Satinder Singh , Richard Lewis , Honglak Lee

The standard for Deep Reinforcement Learning in games, following Alpha Zero, is to use residual networks and to increase the depth of the network to get better results. We propose to improve mobile networks as an alternative to residual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Tristan Cazenave

In games like chess, strategy evolves dramatically across distinct phases - the opening, middlegame, and endgame each demand different forms of reasoning and decision-making. Yet, many modern chess engines rely on a single neural network to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Felix Helfenstein , Johannes Czech , Jannis Blüml , Max Eisel , Kristian Kersting

Sequential decision making problems, such as structured prediction, robotic control, and game playing, require a combination of planning policies and generalisation of those plans. In this paper, we present Expert Iteration (ExIt), a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Thomas Anthony , Zheng Tian , David Barber

Many of the strongest game playing programs use a combination of Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) and deep neural networks (DNN), where the DNNs are used as policy or value evaluators. Given a limited budget, such as online playing or during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Li-Cheng Lan , Wei Li , Ting-Han Wei , I-Chen Wu

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a powerful approach to designing game-playing bots or solving sequential decision problems. The method relies on intelligent tree search that balances exploration and exploitation. MCTS performs random…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Maciej Świechowski , Konrad Godlewski , Bartosz Sawicki , Jacek Mańdziuk

This paper proposes using a linear function approximator, rather than a deep neural network (DNN), to bias a Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) player for general games. This is unlikely to match the potential raw playing strength of DNNs, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-22 Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Éric Piette , Cameron Browne

The real-time strategy game of StarCraft II has been posed as a challenge for reinforcement learning by Google's DeepMind. This study examines the use of an agent based on the Monte-Carlo Tree Search algorithm for optimizing the build order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Islam Elnabarawy , Kristijana Arroyo , Donald C. Wunsch

Online planning is crucial for high performance in many complex sequential decision-making tasks. Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) employs a principled mechanism for trading off exploration for exploitation for efficient online planning, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Kalle Kujanpää , Amin Babadi , Yi Zhao , Juho Kannala , Alexander Ilin , Joni Pajarinen

The advent of AlphaGo and its successors marked the beginning of a new paradigm in playing games using artificial intelligence. This was achieved by combining Monte Carlo tree search, a planning procedure, and deep learning. While the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Marco Kemmerling , Daniel Lütticke , Robert H. Schmitt

General game playing artificial intelligence has recently seen important advances due to the various techniques known as 'deep learning'. However the advances conceal equally important limitations in their reliance on: massive data sets;…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Benjamin Ultan Cowley

This paper presents Generalized Proof-Number Monte-Carlo Tree Search: a generalization of recently proposed combinations of Proof-Number Search (PNS) with Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), which use (dis)proof numbers to bias UCB1-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Jakub Kowalski , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Szymon Kosakowski , Mark H. M. Winands

The article presents research on the use of Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) methods to create an artificial player for the popular card game "The Lord of the Rings". The game is characterized by complicated rules, multi-stage round…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Konrad Godlewski , Bartosz Sawicki