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Randomness is an indispensable resource in modern science and information technology. Fortunately, an experimentally simple procedure exists to generate randomness with well-characterized devices: measuring a quantum system in a basis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Le Phuc Thinh , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Eduardo Martin-Martinez

Quantum random number generators can provide genuine randomness by appealing to the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. In general, a physical generator contains two parts---a randomness source and its readout. The source is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-01 Zhu Cao , Hongyi Zhou , Xiao Yuan , Xiongfeng Ma

Random number generators play an essential role in cryptography and key distribution. It is thus important to verify whether the random numbers generated from these devices are genuine and unpredictable by any adversary. Recently, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Shubhayan Sarkar

Semi-device independent (Semi-DI) quantum random number generators (QRNG) gained attention for security applications, offering an excellent trade-off between security and generation rate. This paper presents a proof-of-principle time-bin…

Certifying maximal quantum randomness without assumptions about system dimension remains a pivotal challenge for secure communication and foundational studies. Here, we introduce a generalized framework to directly certify maximal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Tianqi Zheng , Yi Li , Yu Xiang , Qiongyi He

Device-independent randomness generation and quantum key distribution protocols rely on a fundamental relation between the non-locality of quantum theory and its random character. This relation is usually expressed in terms of a trade-off…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-20 Olmo Nieto-Silleras , Cédric Bamps , Jonathan Silman , Stefano Pironio

Certification of quantum devices received from unknown providers is a primary requirement before utilizing the devices for any information processing task. Here, we establish a protocol for certification of a particular set of $d$-outcome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Debarshi Das , Ananda G. Maity , Debashis Saha , A. S. Majumdar

Pseudo-random number generators are widely used in many branches of science, mainly in applications related to Monte Carlo methods, although they are deterministic in design and, therefore, unsuitable for tackling fundamental problems in…

Certified randomness can be generated with untrusted remote quantum computers using multiple known protocols, one of which has been recently realized experimentally. Unlike the randomness sources accessible on today's classical computers,…

We present an end-to-end and practical randomness amplification and privatisation protocol based on Bell tests. This allows the building of device-independent random number generators which output (near-)perfectly unbiased and private…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-05 Cameron Foreman , Sherilyn Wright , Alec Edgington , Mario Berta , Florian J. Curchod

Superdense coding is a paradigmatic protocol in quantum information science, employing a quantum communication channel to send classical information more efficiently. As we show here, it can be understood as a particular case of a prepare…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 George Moreno , Ranieri Nery , Carlos de Gois , Rafael Rabelo , Rafael Chaves

Measurements of quantum systems can be used to generate classical data that is truly unpredictable for every observer. However, this true randomness needs to be discriminated from randomness due to ignorance or lack of control of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-14 Felix Bischof , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

Semi-device-independent quantum protocols realize information tasks - e.g. secure key distribution, random access coding, and randomness generation - in a scenario where no assumption on the internal working of the devices used in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-28 Michele Dall'Arno , Elsa Passaro , Rodrigo Gallego , Marcin Pawlowski , Antonio Acin

Randomness is a central feature of quantum mechanics and an invaluable resource for both classical and quantum technologies. Commonly, in Device-Independent and Semi-Device-Independent scenarios, randomness is certified using projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-08 Marco Avesani , Hamid Tebyanian , Paolo Villoresi , Giuseppe Vallone

The certification of intrinsic randomness is foundational to quantum information theory and central in many practical applications thereof, such as in the generation of unquestionably random numbers and in cryptographic protocols.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-27 Maria Ciudad Alañón , Daniel Centeno , Andrew Watford , Elie Wolfe

The semi-device-independent approach provides a framework for prepare-and-measure quantum protocols using devices whose behavior must not be characterized nor trusted, except for a single assumption on the dimension of the Hilbert space…

Randomness is a fundamental feature in nature and a valuable resource for applications ranging from cryptography and gambling to numerical simulation of physical and biological systems. Random numbers, however, are difficult to characterize…

A device-independent randomness expansion protocol aims to take an initial random seed and generate a longer one without relying on details of how the devices operate for security. A large amount of work to date has focussed on a particular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-08 Peter J. Brown , Sammy Ragy , Roger Colbeck

When increasing the dimensionality of quantum systems, high-dimensional quantum state certification becomes important in quantum information science and technology. However, how to certify ensembles of high-dimensional quantum states in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Yong-Nan Sun , Meng-Yun Ma , Qi-Ping Su , Zhe Sun , Chui-Ping Yang , Franco Nori

Quantum random number generation (QRNG) is a resource that is a necessity in the field of cryptography. However, its certification has been challenging. In this article, we certify randomness with the aid of quantum entanglement in a device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Vardaan Mongia , Abhishek Kumar , Shashi Prabhakar , Anindya Banerji , R. P. Singh