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Since the discovery of Hawking radiation, its consistency with quantum theory has been widely questioned. In the widely described picture, irrespective of what initial state a black hole starts with before collapsing, it eventually evolves…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-03-31 Baocheng Zhang , Qingyu Cai , Mingsheng Zhan , Li You

Black holes with sufficiently large initial charge and mass will Hawking-evaporate towards the extremal limit. The emission slows as the temperature approaches zero, but still reaches the point where a single Hawking quantum would make the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-22 Samuel E. Gralla

We consider Hawking radiation as due to a tunneling process in a black hole were quantum corrections, derived from Quantum Einstein Gravity, are taken into account. The consequent derivation, satisfying conservation laws, leads to a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-16 R. Torres , F. Fayos , O. Lorente-Espin

Almost all of the entropy in the universe is in the form of Bekenstein--Hawking (BH) entropy of super-massive black holes. This entropy, if it satisfies Boltzmann's equation $S=\log{\cal N}$, hence represents almost all the accessible phase…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-18 Erik Aurell , Michał Eckstein , Paweł Horodecki

With mass ratio larger than $\sim 5$ (which depends on the black hole spin and the star radius), star disruption is not expected for a black hole merging with a neutron star during the final plunge phase. In the late inspiral stage, the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-28 Zhen Pan , Huan Yang

We observe spontaneous Hawking radiation, stimulated by quantum vacuum fluctuations, emanating from an analogue black hole in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. Correlations are observed between the Hawking particles outside the black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-08-09 Jeff Steinhauer

We study the properties of quantum entanglement and teleportation in the background of stationary and rotating curved space-times with extra dimensions. We show that a maximally entangled Bell state in an inertial frame becomes less…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 Xian-Hui Ge , Sang Pyo Kim

We investigate quantum correlations between successive steps of black hole evaporation and investigate whether they might resolve the black hole information paradox. 'Small' corrections in various models were shown to be unable to restore…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-09-09 Mishkat Al Alvi , Mahbub Majumdar , Md. Abdul Matin , Moinul Hossain Rahat , Avik Roy

Hawking showed that a black hole formed by collapse will emit radiation and eventually disappear. We address the challenge to define an objective notion of physical entropy which increases throughout this process in a way consistent with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-18 Bernard S. Kay

We study information retrieval from evaporating black holes, assuming that the internal dynamics of a black hole is unitary and rapidly mixing, and assuming that the retriever has unlimited control over the emitted Hawking radiation. If the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-04-03 Patrick Hayden , John Preskill

In this work, we investigate the properties of Hawking radiation induced by the quantum atmosphere beyond the event horizon, by considering two detectors in Schwarzschild spacetime with the parameterized Hartle-Hawking temperature.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-16 Shuai Zhang , Li-Juan Li , Xue-Ke Song , Liu Ye , Dong Wang

We consider the fate of a small classical object, a "stick", as it falls through the horizon of a large black hole (BH). Classically, the equivalence principle dictates that the stick is affected by small tidal forces, and Hawking's…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-03-20 Ram Brustein , A. J. M. Medved

A black hole evaporates by Hawking radiation. Each mode of that radiation is thermal. If the total state is nevertheless to be pure, modes must be entangled. Estimating the minimum size of this entanglement has been an important outstanding…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-22 Erik Aurell , Lucas Hackl , Paweł Horodecki , Robert H. Jonsson , Mario Kieburg

In this invited review, we discuss the evaporation of a black hole, with emphasis on the resulting macroscopically distinct patterns of Hawking radiation. The density matrix of this radiation can approach a pure final state in the form of a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-12-19 Xavier Calmet , Stephen D. H. Hsu

The Hawking process results in a monotonic decrease of the black hole mass, but a biased random walk of the black hole angular momentum. We demonstrate that this stochastic process leads to a significant fraction of primordial black holes…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-08 Quinn Taylor , Glenn D. Starkman , Michael Hinczewski , Deyan P. Mihaylov , Joseph Silk , Jose de Freitas Pacheco

We discuss the possible role of quantum horizon fluctuations on black hole radiance, especially whether they can invalidate Hawking's analysis based upon transplanckian modes. We are particularly concerned with ``enhanced'' fluctuations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 R. T. Thompson , L. H. Ford

Quantum information transfer necessary to reconcile black hole evaporation with quantum mechanics, while approximately preserving regular near-horizon geometry, can be simply parameterized in terms of couplings of the black hole internal…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-12-17 Steven B. Giddings

We propose a model with multiple qubits that reproduces the thermal properties of 4-dimensional (4-dim) Schwarzschild black holes (BHs) by simultaneously taking account of the emission of Hawking particles and the zero-energy soft hair…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-05-08 Masahiro Hotta , Yasusada Nambu , Koji Yamaguchi

We investigate Hawking evaporation in a recently suggested picture in which black holes are Bose condensates of gravitons at a quantum critical point. There, evaporation of a black hole is due to two intertwined effects. Coherent excitation…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-09-30 Valentino F. Foit , Nico Wintergerst

We discuss the behaviour of massive modes near a horizon based on a study of the dispersion relation and wave packet simulations of the Klein-Gordon equation. We point out an apparent paradox between two (in principle equivalent) pictures…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-03-18 Gil Jannes , Philippe Maïssa , Thomas G. Philbin , Germain Rousseaux