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The performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) is severely limited by multiphoton emissions, due to the photon-number-splitting attack. The most efficient solution, the decoy-state method, requires that the phases of all transmitted…

The secure transfer of information is an important problem in modern telecommunications. Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a solution to this problem by using individual quantum systems to generate correlated bits between remote…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-02 S. Etcheverry , G. Cañas , E. S. Gómez , W. A. T. Nogueira , C. Saavedra , G. B. Xavier , G. Lima

Quantum cryptography is now considered as a promising technology due to its promise of unconditional security. In recent years, rigorous work is being done for the experimental realization of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-02 Satish Kumar , Priya Malpani , Britant , Sandeep Mishra , Anirban Pathak

A semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol allows a quantum user and a limited "classical" user to establish a shared secret key secure against an all-powerful adversary. In this work, we present a new SQKD protocol where the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-17 Walter O. Krawec , Eric P. Geiss

Many quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols require random choice of measurement basis for each pulse or each train of pulses. In some QKD protocols, such as the Round-Robin Differential Phase Shift (RRDPS) QKD protocol, this requirement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-18 Toshihiko Sasaki , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Masato Koashi

The security of quantum key distribution (QKD) is severely threatened by discrepancies between realistic devices and theoretical assumptions. Recently, a significant framework called the reference technique was proposed to provide security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 Jie Gu , Xiao-Yu Cao , Yao Fu , Zong-Wu He , Ze-Jie Yin , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

For secure practical systems, quantum key distribution (QKD) must provide high key rates over long distances. Time-entanglement-based QKD promises to increase the secret key rate and distribution distances compared to other QKD…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Lara Dolecek , Emina Soljanin

We propose a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol that enables three parties agree at once on a shared common random bit string in presence of an eavesdropper without use of entanglement. We prove its unconditional security and analyze…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-12-23 Ryutaroh Matsumoto

In general, generation of entangled photon pairs and also the random choice of measurement basis can be implemented with passive optical devices in entanglement based quantum key distribution (QKD) system. However, auxiliary random numbers…

Quantum key distribution (QKD), which promises secure key exchange between two remote parties, is now moving toward the realization of scalable and secure QKD networks (QNs). Fully connected, trusted node-free QNs have been realized based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Wenhan Yan , Xiaodong Zheng , Wenjun Wen , Liangliang Lu , Yifeng Du , Yanqing Lu , Shining Zhu , Xiao-Song Ma

The best qubit one-way quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol can tolerate up to 14.1% in the error rate. It has been shown how this rate can be increased by using larger quantum systems. The polarization state of a biphoton can encode a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 I. Bregman , D. Aharonov , M. Ben-Or , H. S. Eisenberg

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) enables information-theoretically secure key exchange between remote parties without any assumptions on the internal workings of the devices used for its implementation. However, its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Makoto Ishihara , Anthony Brendan , Wojciech Roga , Ulrik L. Andersen , Masahiro Takeoka

We propose a quantum key distribution protocol with quantum based user authentication. Our protocol is the first one in which users can authenticate each other without previously shared secret and then securely distribute a key where the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hwayean Lee , Jongin Lim , HyungJin Yang

We provide an analysis of a new family of device independent quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols with several novel features: (a) The bits used for the secret key do not come from the results of the measurements on an entangled state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-09 Ramij Rahaman , Matthew G. Parker , Piotr Mironowicz , Marcin Pawłowski

This study proposes a new lightweight quantum key distribution (LQKD) protocol based on the four-particle cluster state within a quantum-restricted environment. The protocol enables a quantum-capable user to simultaneously establish two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Mustapha Anis Younes , Sofia Zebboudj , Abdelhakim Gharbi

Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD) has emerged as a potential protocol for long distance secure communication, overcoming the rate-distance limitations of conventional quantum key distribution without requiring trusted repeaters.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Syed M. Arslan , Syed Shahmir , Noureldin Mohammad , Saif Al-Kuwari , Muataz Alhussein

An application of quantum communications is the transmission of qubits to create shared symmetric encryption keys in a process called Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Contrary to public-private key encryption, symmetric encryption is safe…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-25 Tom Vergoossen , Robert Bedington , James A Grieve , Alexander Ling

Coherent-one-way quantum key distribution (COW-QKD), which requires a simple experimental setup and has the ability to withstand photon-number-splitting attacks, has been not only experimentally implemented but also commercially applied.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-05 Rui-Qi Gao , Yuan-Mei Xie , Jie Gu , Wen-Bo Liu , Chen-Xun Weng , Bing-Hong Li , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that ensures secure communication by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning theorem and quantum uncertainty. This chapter provides an overview of this quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Sebastian Kish , Josef Pieprzyk , Seyit Camtepe

Any Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol consists first of sequences of measurements that produce some correlation between classical data. We show that these correlation data must violate some Bell inequality in order to contain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Antonio Acin , Nicolas Gisin , Lluis Masanes