Related papers: Negative Probabilities and Contextuality
We propose a combination of probabilistic reasoning from conditional constraints with approaches to default reasoning from conditional knowledge bases. In detail, we generalize the notions of Pearl's entailment in system Z, Lehmann's…
Aliakbarzadeh, Kitto, and Bruza (arXiv:1909.13048v1) criticize the Contextuality-by-Default (CbD) theory in three ways: (1) they claim an internal contradiction within the theory, that consists in both denying and accepting the equality of…
This is a chapter for the forthcoming New Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, to be published by Cambridge University Press. A systematic theory of random variables and joint distributions under varying conditions is presented. This is a…
The quantum backflow effect is a counterintuitive behavior of the probability current of a free particle, which may be negative even for states with vanishing negative momentum component. Here we address the notion of nonclassicality…
We study abductive, causal, and non-causal conditionals in indicative and counterfactual formulations using probabilistic truth table tasks under incomplete probabilistic knowledge (N = 80). We frame the task as a probability-logical…
Weak values are quantities accessed through quantum experiments involving weak measurements and post-selection. It has been shown that 'anomalous' weak values (those lying beyond the eigenvalue range of the corresponding operator) defy…
Probability measures by themselves, are known to be inappropriate for modeling the dynamics of plain belief and their excessively strong measurability constraints make them unsuitable for some representational tasks, e.g. in the context of…
Contextuality has long been associated with topological properties. In this work, such a relationship is elevated to identification in the broader framework of generalized contextuality. We employ the usual identification of states,…
Starting with a likelihood or preference order on worlds, we extend it to a likelihood ordering on sets of worlds in a natural way, and examine the resulting logic. Lewis earlier considered such a notion of relative likelihood in the…
By analyzing the concept of contextuality (Bell-Kochen-Specker) in terms of pre-and-post-selection (PPS), it is possible to assign definite values to observables in a new and surprising way. Physical reasons are presented for restrictions…
The aim of this paper is to show that the concept of probability is best understood by dividing this concept into two different types of probability, namely physical probability and analogical probability. Loosely speaking, a physical…
Though the ability of human beings to deal with probabilities has been put into question, the assessment of rarity is a crucial competence underlying much of human decision-making and is pervasive in spontaneous narrative behaviour. This…
Negative probability values have been widely employed as an indicator of the nonclassicality of quantum systems. Known as a quasiprobability distribution, they are regarded as a useful tool that provides significant insight into the…
An empirical model is a generalization of a probability space. It consists of a simplicial complex of subsets of a class X of random variables such that each simplex has an associated probability distribution. The ensuing marginalizations…
Classical probability theory supports probability measures, assigning a fixed positive real value to each event, these measures are far from satisfactory in formulating real-life occurrences. The main innovation of this paper is the…
Developing new ways to estimate probabilities can be valuable for science, statistics, and engineering. By considering the information content of different output patterns, recent work invoking algorithmic information theory has shown that…
The main result presented in this article is that probability can fundamentally be characterized as a subset of conditional expectation induced by a plausible preorder on random quantities. This is justified by the fact that probability is…
The aim of this article is to promote the use of probabilistic methods in the study of problems in mathematical general relativity. Two new and simple singularity theorems, whose features are different from the classical singularity…
The contextuality and noncontextuality notions are considered in framework of probability representation of quantum states. Example of qutrit states and violation of the noncontextuality inequalities are presented by using the spin tomogram…
Let random vectors $R^c=\{R_p^c:p\in P_c\}$ represent joint measurements of certain subsets $P_c$ of properties $p\in P$ in different contexts $c\in C$. Such a system is traditionally called noncontextual if there exists a jointly…