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We consider cDNA microarray experiments when the cell populations have a factorial structure, and investigate the problem of their optimal designing under a baseline parametrization where the objects of interest differ from those under the…

Applications · Statistics 2008-12-18 Tathagata Banerjee , Rahul Mukerjee

Re-randomization has gained popularity as a tool for experiment-based causal inference due to its superior covariate balance and statistical efficiency compared to classic randomized experiments. However, the basic re-randomization method,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-20 Zhaoyang Liu , Tingxuan Han , Donald B. Rubin , Ke Deng

To increase statistical efficiency in a randomized experiment, researchers often use stratification (i.e., blocking) in the design stage. However, conventional practices of stratification fail to exploit valuable information about the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-28 Zikai Li

Traditional methods for covariate adjustment of treatment means in designed experiments are inherently conditional on the observed covariate values. In order to develop a coherent general methodology for analysis of covariance, we propose a…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-01-19 James G. Booth , Walter T. Federer , Martin T. Wells , Russell D. Wolfinger

How should researchers analyze randomized experiments in which the main outcome is latent and measured in multiple ways but each measure contains some degree of error? We first identify a critical study-specific noncomparability problem in…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-13 Jiawei Fu , Donald P. Green

The Regression Discontinuity (RD) design is a widely used non-experimental method for causal inference and program evaluation. While its canonical formulation only requires a score and an outcome variable, it is common in empirical work to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-25 Matias D. Cattaneo , Luke Keele , Rocio Titiunik

This paper introduces a kernel discrepancy-based framework for rerandomization to enhance the precision of causal inference in controlled experiments. We demonstrate that the kernel discrepancy is the key part of the variance upper bound…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-05 Yiou Li , Lulu Kang

It is common practice to incorporate additional covariates in empirical economics. In the context of Regression Discontinuity (RD) designs, covariate adjustment plays multiple roles, making it essential to understand its impact on analysis…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-22 Matias D. Cattaneo , Filippo Palomba

Unreplicated two-level factorial designs are often used in screening experiments to determine which factors out of a large plausible set are active. A theorem regarding the generalized word count pattern is stated and proved for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-14 Xietao Zhou , Steven G. Gilmour

Factor analysis aims to describe high dimensional random vectors by means of a small number of unknown common factors. In mathematical terms, it is required to decompose the covariance matrix $\Sigma$ of the random vector as the sum of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-08-02 Valentina Ciccone , Augusto Ferrante , Mattia Zorzi

Randomized saturation designs are a family of designs which assign a possibly different treatment proportion to each cluster of a population at random. As a result, they generalize the well-known (stratified) completely randomized designs…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-21 Chencheng Cai , Jean Pouget-Abadie , Edoardo M. Airoldi

In randomized experiments, treatment and control groups should be roughly the same--balanced--in their distributions of pretreatment variables. But how nearly so? Can descriptive comparisons meaningfully be paired with significance tests?…

Methodology · Statistics 2008-08-29 Ben B. Hansen , Jake Bowers

Marginal structural models fit via inverse probability of treatment weighting are commonly used to control for confounding when estimating causal effects from observational data. When planning a study that will be analyzed with marginal…

Applications · Statistics 2020-03-16 Bonnie E. Shook-Sa , Michael G. Hudgens

We address estimation of intervention effects in experimental designs in which (a) interventions are assigned at the cluster level; (b) clusters are selected to form pairs, matched on observed characteristics; and (c) intervention is…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-11-24 Zhenke Wu , Constantine E. Frangakis , Thomas A. Louis , Daniel O. Scharfstein

Fractional factorial designs are widely used for designing screening experiments. Nonregular fractional factorial designs can have better properties than regular designs, but their construction is challenging. Current research on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-02 Lin Wang , Hongquan Xu

The survey experiment is widely used in economics and social sciences to evaluate the effects of treatments or programs. In a standard population-based survey experiment, the experimenter randomly draws experimental units from a target…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Pengfei Tian , Jiyang Ren , Yingying Ma

In medical research, a scenario often entertained is randomized controlled $2^2$ factorial design with a binary outcome. By utilizing the concept of potential outcomes, Dasgupta et al. (2015) proposed a randomization-based causal inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-11-15 Jiannan Lu

The statistical efficiency of randomized clinical trials can be improved by incorporating information from baseline covariates (i.e., pre-treatment patient characteristics). This can be done in the design stage using stratified (permutated…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-04 Zhiwei Zhang

Although complete randomization ensures covariate balance on average, the chance for observing significant differences between treatment and control covariate distributions increases with many covariates. Rerandomization discards…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-08-15 Xinran Li , Peng Ding , Donald B. Rubin

We present fastrerandomize, an R package for fast, scalable rerandomization in experimental design. Rerandomization improves precision by discarding treatment assignments that fail a prespecified covariate-balance criterion, but existing…

Computation · Statistics 2026-01-09 Rebecca Goldstein , Connor T. Jerzak , Aniket Kamat , Fucheng Warren Zhu