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Big data is transforming our world, revolutionizing operations and analytics everywhere, from financial engineering to biomedical sciences. The complexity of big data often makes dimension reduction techniques necessary before conducting…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-08 Jianqing Fan , Qiang Sun , Wen-Xin Zhou , Ziwei Zhu

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the most important unsupervised methods to handle high-dimensional data. However, due to the high computational complexity of its eigen decomposition solution, it hard to apply PCA to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-29 Feiping Nie , Heng Huang

Efficient representations of data are essential for processing, exploration, and human understanding, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the most common dimensionality reduction techniques used for the analysis of large,…

Computation · Statistics 2023-11-06 Olga Dorabiala , Aleksandr Aravkin , J. Nathan Kutz

In datasets where the number of parameters is fixed and the number of samples is large, principal component analysis (PCA) is a powerful dimension reduction tool. However, in many contemporary datasets, when the number of parameters is…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-02-14 Enrico Au-Yeung , Greg Zanotti

For many years, a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) has been used for blind source separation (BSS). However, it remains unclear why these linear methods work well with real-world…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-15 Takuya Isomura , Taro Toyoizumi

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a powerful tool for decomposing a multivariate signal or distribution into fully independent sources, not just uncorrelated ones. Unfortunately, most approaches to ICA are not robust against outliers.…

Computation · Statistics 2025-05-15 Sarah Leyder , Jakob Raymaekers , Peter J. Rousseeuw , Tom Van Deuren , Tim Verdonck

Principal component analysis (PCA), the most popular dimension-reduction technique, has been used to analyze high-dimensional data in many areas. It discovers the homogeneity within the data and creates a reduced feature space to capture as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-24 Daning Bi , Le Chang , Yanrong Yang

Non-Gaussian component analysis (NGCA) is aimed at identifying a linear subspace such that the projected data follows a non-Gaussian distribution. In this paper, we propose a novel NGCA algorithm based on log-density gradient estimation.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-01-29 Hiroaki Sasaki , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

This paper proposes an extension of principal component analysis for Gaussian process (GP) posteriors, denoted by GP-PCA. Since GP-PCA estimates a low-dimensional space of GP posteriors, it can be used for meta-learning, which is a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-07 Hideaki Ishibashi , Shotaro Akaho

Linear dimensionality reduction methods are commonly used to extract low-dimensional structure from high-dimensional data. However, popular methods disregard temporal structure, rendering them prone to extracting noise rather than…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-10 David G. Clark , Jesse A. Livezey , Kristofer E. Bouchard

In probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA), an observed vector is modeled as a linear transformation of a low-dimensional Gaussian factor plus isotropic noise. We generalize PPCA to tensors by constraining the loading operator to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-23 Yaoming Zhen , Piotr Zwiernik

We study semiparametric factor models in high-dimensional panels where the factor loadings consist of a nonparametric component explained by observed covariates and an idiosyncratic component capturing unobserved heterogeneity. A key…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-09 Sijie Zheng

Latent component identification from unknown nonlinear mixtures is a foundational challenge in machine learning, with applications in tasks such as disentangled representation learning and causal inference. Prior work in nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hoang-Son Nguyen , Xiao Fu

Recently popularized randomized methods for principal component analysis (PCA) efficiently and reliably produce nearly optimal accuracy --- even on parallel processors --- unlike the classical (deterministic) alternatives. We adapt one of…

Computation · Statistics 2011-12-23 Nathan Halko , Per-Gunnar Martinsson , Yoel Shkolnisky , Mark Tygert

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the most commonly used statistical methods for data exploration, and for dimensionality reduction wherein the first few principal components account for an appreciable proportion of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-11 Caren Marzban , Ulvi Yurtsever , Michael Richman

In recent years, longitudinal neuroimaging study has become increasingly popular in neuroscience research to investigate disease-related changes in brain functions. In current neuroscience literature, one of the most commonly used tools to…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-07 Yikai Wang , Ying Guo

Dimensionality reduction is critical across various domains of science including neuroscience. Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis (PPCA) is a prominent dimensionality reduction method that provides a probabilistic approach unlike…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Han-Lin Hsieh , Maryam M. Shanechi

Generalized principal component analysis (GLM-PCA) facilitates dimension reduction of non-normally distributed data. We provide a detailed derivation of GLM-PCA with a focus on optimization. We also demonstrate how to incorporate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-08 F. William Townes

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is the most common nonparametric method for estimating the volatility structure of Gaussian interest rate models. One major difficulty in the estimation of these models is the fact that forward rate curves…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2014-08-28 Marcio Laurini , Alberto Ohashi

We study optimization methods for solving the maximum likelihood formulation of independent component analysis (ICA). We consider both the the problem constrained to white signals and the unconstrained problem. The Hessian of the objective…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-26 Pierre Ablin , Jean-François Cardoso , Alexandre Gramfort