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We propose IR2Vec, a Concise and Scalable encoding infrastructure to represent programs as a distributed embedding in continuous space. This distributed embedding is obtained by combining representation learning methods with flow…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-12-25 S. VenkataKeerthy , Rohit Aggarwal , Shalini Jain , Maunendra Sankar Desarkar , Ramakrishna Upadrasta , Y. N. Srikant

Traditional static resource analyses estimate the total resource usage of a program, without executing it. In this paper we present a novel resource analysis whose aim is instead the static profiling of accumulated cost, i.e., to discover,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Pedro Lopez-Garcia , Maximiliano Klemen , Umer Liqat , Manuel V. Hermenegildo

In this report we present a network-level multi-core energy model and a software development process workflow that allows software developers to estimate the energy consumption of multi-core embedded programs. This work focuses on a high…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-09-10 Steve Kerrison , Kerstin Eder

Computing systems are consuming an increasing and unsustainable fraction of society's energy footprint, notably in data centers. Meanwhile, energy-efficient software engineering techniques are often absent from undergraduate curricula. We…

Context. Nowadays, 83% of software developers use Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate code. LLMs recently became essential to increase the productivity of software developers and decrease the time and cost of software development.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Vlad-Andrei Cursaru , Laura Duits , Joel Milligan , Damla Ural , Berta Rodriguez Sanchez , Vincenzo Stoico , Ivano Malavolta

As large language models (LLMs) scale in size and adoption, their computational and environmental costs continue to rise. Prior benchmarking efforts have primarily focused on latency reduction in idealized settings, often overlooking the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Jared Fernandez , Clara Na , Vashisth Tiwari , Yonatan Bisk , Sasha Luccioni , Emma Strubell

Accurate and reliable measurement of energy consumption is critical for making well-informed design choices when choosing and training large scale NLP models. In this work, we show that existing software-based energy measurements are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Qingqing Cao , Aruna Balasubramanian , Niranjan Balasubramanian

Software stack upgrades are a routine part of software maintenance and evolution, typically motivated by improved performance, stability, or functionality. Yet their impact on energy consumption - a growing concern for organizations…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mirko Stocker , Michael Wahler

The rapid advancement of AI technologies and their accelerated adoption in software development necessitates a systematic evaluation of their environmental impact alongside functional correctness. While prior studies have examined…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mohammadjavad Mehditabar , Saurabhsingh Rajput , Antonio Mastropaolo , Tushar Sharma

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are built on text-only LLMs by incorporating additional modalities, enabling multimodal understanding and a broader range of applications. However, these additions introduce a previously unexplored…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Mona Moghadampanah , Adib Rezaei Shahmirzadi , Farhana Amin , Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos

Monitoring, understanding, and optimizing the energy consumption of Machine Learning (ML) are various reasons why it is necessary to evaluate the energy usage of ML. However, there exists no universal tool that can answer this question for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Charlotte Rodriguez , Laura Degioanni , Laetitia Kameni , Richard Vidal , Giovanni Neglia

Machine learning (ML) has seen tremendous advancements, but its environmental footprint remains a concern. Acknowledging the growing environmental impact of ML this paper investigates Green ML, examining various model architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ioannis Mavromatis , Kostas Katsaros , Aftab Khan

In real world, large language models (LLMs) can serve as the assistant to help users accomplish their jobs, and also support the development of advanced applications. For the wide application of LLMs, the inference efficiency is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Yushuo Chen , Tianyi Tang , Erge Xiang , Linjiang Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Jing Wang , Yunpeng Chai , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in production, contributing towards shifting the burden in terms of computational resources and energy demands from training to inference. While prior work has examined the energy cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Julien Delavande , Regis Pierrard , Sasha Luccioni

Power management is an expensive and important issue for large computational infrastructures such as datacenters, large clusters, and computational grids. However, measuring energy consumption of scalable systems may be impractical due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Lucas Venezian Povoa , Cesar Marcondes , Hermes Senger

Sustainability in high performance computing (HPC) is a major challenge not only for HPC centers and their users, but also for society as the climate goals become stricter. A lot of effort went into reducing the energy consumption of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Osman Seckin Simsek , Jean-Guillaume Piccinali , Florina M. Ciorba

Memory performance is often the main bottleneck in modern computing systems. In recent years, researchers have attempted to scale the memory wall by leveraging new technology such as CXL, HBM, and in- and near-memory processing. Developers…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Ashwin Poduval , Hayden Coffey , Michael Swift

Large Language Models (LLMs) inference is central to modern AI applications, dominating worldwide datacenter workloads, making it critical to predict its energy footprint. Existing approaches estimate energy consumption as a simple linear…

The energy consumption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns due to their adverse effects on environmental stability and resource use. Yet, these energy costs remain largely opaque to users, especially when models are…

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices presents significant challenges due to computational constraints, memory limitations, inference speed, and energy consumption. Model quantization has emerged as a key technique to…