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We show that the category of (reflexive) graphs and graph maps carries exactly two closed symmetric monoidal products: the box product and the categorical product.

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Chris Kapulkin , Nathan Kershaw

We introduce and study, for a process P delivering edges on the Cartesian product of the vertex sets of a given set of graphs, the P-product of these graphs, thereby generalizing many types of product graph. Analogous to the notion of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-10 Izak Broere , Johannes Heidema

A surprising diversity of different products of hypergraphs have been discussed in the literature. Most of the hypergraph products can be viewed as generalizations of one of the four standard graph products. The most widely studied variant,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Marc Hellmuth , Lydia Ostermeier , Peter F. Stadler

In this paper we investigate the connectedness and the isomorphism problems for zig-zag products of two graphs. A sufficient condition for the zig-zag product of two graphs to be connected is provided, reducing to the study of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-10 Daniele D'Angeli , Alfredo Donno , Ecaterina Sava-Huss

A signed graph is a graph in which each edge has a positive or negative sign. In this article, first we characterize the distance compatibility in the case of a connected signed graph and discussed the distance compatibility criterion for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-21 T. V. Shijin , P. Soorya , K. Shahul Hameed , K. A. Germina

We define a free product of connected simple graphs that is equivalent to several existing definitions when the graphs are vertex-transitive but differs otherwise. The new definition is designed for the automorphism group of the free…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2021-09-30 Max Carter , Stephan Tornier , George A. Willis

We introduce the tensor product of polygonal cell complexes, which interacts nicely with the tensor product of link graphs of complexes. We also develop the unique factorization property of polygonal cell complexes with respect to the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-20 Yu-Yen Chien

We study the free product of rooted graphs and its various decompositions using quantum probabilistic methods. We show that the free product of rooted graphs is canonically associated with free independence, which completes the proof of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-07-25 Luigi Accardi , Romuald Lenczewski , Rafal Salapata

In this paper, we explore the concept of the ``matrix product of graphs," initially introduced by Prasad, Sudhakara, Sujatha, and M. Vinay. This operation involves the multiplication of adjacency matrices of two graphs with assigned labels,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-15 Farzad Maghsoudi , Babak Miraftab , Sho Suda

Various simplicial complexes can be associated with a graph. Box complexes form an important families of such simplicial complexes and are especially useful for providing lower bounds on the chromatic number of the graph via some of their…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-01-05 Hamid Reza Daneshpajouh , Frédéric Meunier

This article investigates the isomorphism problem for graphs derived from the four standard graph products: Cartesian, Kronecker (direct), strong, and lexicographic product. We provide a complete characterization of all simple connected…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-07 Priti Prasanna Mondal , M. Rajesh Kannan , Fouzul Atik

The performance of codes defined from graphs depends on the expansion property of the underlying graph in a crucial way. Graph products, such as the zig-zag product and replacement product provide new infinite families of constant degree…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-08-20 Christine A. Kelley , Deepak Sridhara , Joachim Rosenthal

Graph product structure theory expresses certain graphs as subgraphs of the strong product of much simpler graphs. In particular, an elegant formulation for the corresponding structural theorems involves the strong product of a path and of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Michael A. Bekos , Giordano Da Lozzo , Petr Hliněný , Michael Kaufmann

The box product and its associated box exponential are characterized for the categories of quivers (directed graphs), multigraphs, set system hypergraphs, and incidence hypergraphs. It is shown that only the quiver case of the box…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-07-14 Will Grilliette , Lucas J. Rusnak

We classify trivalent vertex-transitive graphs whose edge sets have a partition into a 2-factor composed of two cycles and a 1-factor that is invariant under the action of the automorphism group.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-15 Brian Alspach , Ted Dobson , Afsaneh Khodadadpour , Primoz Šparl

The $k$-th symmetric product of a graph $G$ with vertex set $V$ with edge set $E$ is a graph with vertices as $k$-sets of $V$, where two $k$-sets are connected by an edge if and only if their symmetric difference is an edge in $E$. Using…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-14 Yingkai Ouyang

A mixed graph can be seen as a type of digraph containing some edges (two opposite arcs). Here we introduce the concept of sequence mixed graphs, which is a generalization of both sequence graphs and iterated line digraphs. These structures…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-13 C. Dalfó , M. A. Fiol , N. López

Given two convex polytopes, the join, the cartesian product and the direct sum of them are well understood. In this paper we extend these three kinds of products to abstract polytopes and introduce a new product, called the topological…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-03-14 Ian Gleason , Isabel Hubard

Regular triangulations of products of lattice polytopes are constructed with the additional property that the dual graphs of the triangulations are bipartite. The (weighted) size difference of this bipartition is a lower bound for the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Michael Joswig , Nikolaus Witte

A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labeled either as positive or negative. The concept of vector valued switching and balancing dimension of signed graphs were introduced by S. Hameed et al. In this paper, we deal with the balancing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-21 Albin Mathew , Germina K. A
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