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The maximum frequency of gravitational waves (GWs) detectable with traditional pulsar timing methods is set by the Nyquist frequency ($f_{\rm{Ny}}$) of the observation. Beyond this frequency, GWs leave no temporal-correlated signals;…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-05-17 S. -X Yi , S. -N. Zhang

We investigate the effects of gravitational waves (GWs) from a simulated population of binary super-massive black holes (SMBHs) on pulsar timing array datasets. We construct a distribution describing the binary SMBH population from an…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 V. Ravi , J. S. B. Wyithe , G. Hobbs , R. M. Shannon , R. N. Manchester , D. R. B. Yardley , M. J. Keith

With pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) having observed a gravitational wave background (GWB) at nanohertz frequencies, the focus of the field is shifting towards determining and characterizing its origin. While the primary candidate is a…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-10 Kyle A. Gersbach , Stephen R. Taylor , Bence Bécsy , Anna-Malin Lemke , Andrea Mitridate , Nihan Pol

Direct detection of low-frequency gravitational waves ($10^{-9} - 10^{-8}$ Hz) is the main goal of pulsar timing array (PTA) projects. One of the main targets for the PTAs is to measure the stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB)…

We propose a novel method for observing the gravitational wave signature of super-massive black hole (SMBH) mergers. This method is based on detection of a specific type of gravitational waves, namely gravitational wave burst with memory…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-02-28 M. S. Pshirkov , D. Baskaran , K. A. Postnov

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are ensembles of millisecond pulsars observed for years to decades. The primary goal of PTAs is to study gravitational-wave astronomy at nanohertz frequencies, with secondary goals of undertaking other…

Recent observations by pulsar timing arrays indicate the presence of gravitational wave signals, likely from supermassive black hole binaries. These binaries can produce two types of signals: a stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-02-12 Irene Ferranti , Golam Shaifullah , Aurelien Chalumeau , Alberto Sesana

Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) are rapidly advancing toward the detection of continuous gravitational waves from individual supermassive binary black holes. While it is well established that coherently utilizing the ``pulsar term" requires…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-04-30 Chao-Fan Wen , Yi-Qin Chen , Shi-Yi Zhao , Hao Ding , Xingjiang Zhu

High-precision pulsar timing is central to a wide range of astrophysics and fundamental physics applications. When timing an ensemble of millisecond pulsars in different sky positions, known as a pulsar timing array (PTA), one can search…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-10-09 R. N. Caballero

Pulsar timing arrays act to detect gravitational waves by observing the small, correlated effect the waves have on pulse arrival times at Earth. This effect has conventionally been evaluated assuming the gravitational wave phasefronts are…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-19 Xihao Deng , Lee Samuel Finn

The recent evidence of nanohertz (nHz) gravitational wave (GW) background by pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations has sparked considerable interest in understanding its astrophysical origins, particularly regarding supermassive black…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-04-01 Jiming Yu , Zhen Pan

A pulsar timing array is a Galactic-scale detector of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs). Its target signals contain two components: the `Earth term' and the `pulsar term' corresponding to GWs incident on the Earth and pulsar respectively.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-07-06 Xingjiang Zhu , Linqing Wen , Jie Xiong , Yanjun Xu , Yan Wang , Soumya D. Mohanty , George Hobbs , Richard N. Manchester

We estimate the merger timescale of spectroscopically-selected, subparsec supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) candidates by comparing their expected contribution to the gravitational wave background (GWB) with the sensitivity of current…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-10-13 Khai Nguyen , Tamara Bogdanovic , Jessie C. Runnoe , Stephen R. Taylor , Alberto Sesana , Michael Eracleous , Steinn Sigurdsson

Pulsar timing arrays (PTA) have the promise to detect gravitational waves (GWs) from sources which are in a unique frequency range of 10^-9 - 10^-6 Hz. This in turn also provides an opportunity to test the theory of general relativity in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-10-07 Adrian Boîtier , Shubhanshu Tiwari , Lionel Philippoz , Philippe Jetzer

With the strong evidence for a gravitational wave (GW) background in the nanohertz frequency band from pulsar timing arrays, the detection of continuous GWs from individual supermassive black hole binaries is already at the dawn. Utilizing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-23 Dicong Liang , Siyuan Chen , Chao Zhang , Lijing Shao

Cosmic strings are potential gravitational wave (GW) sources that can be probed by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). In this work we develop a detection algorithm for a GW burst from a cusp on a cosmic string, and apply it to Parkes PTA data. We…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-12-09 N. Yonemaru , S. Kuroyanagi , G. Hobbs , K. Takahashi , X. -J. Zhu , W. A. Coles , S. Dai , E. Howard , R. Manchester , D. Reardon , C. Russell , R. Shannon , N. Thyagarajan , R. Spiewak , J. -B. Wang

Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) produce gravitational waves (GWs) that are detectable with pulsar timing arrays. We determine the properties of the host galaxies of simulated MBHBs at the time they are producing detectable GW signals.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-01-28 Katharine Cella , Stephen R. Taylor , Luke Zoltan Kelley

Supermassive black hole binary systems (SMBHBs) emitting gravitational waves may be traced by periodic light curves. We assembled a catalog of 149 such periodic light curves, and using their masses, distances, and periods, predicted the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-07-15 Chengcheng Xin , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Jeffrey S. Hazboun

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) detect gravitational waves (GWs) via the correlations they create in the arrival times of pulses from different pulsars. The mean correlation, a function of the angle $\gamma$ between the directions to two…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-20 Bruce Allen , Joseph D. Romano