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The contour map of estimation error of Expected Shortfall (ES) is constructed. It allows one to quantitatively determine the sample size (the length of the time series) required by the optimization under ES of large institutional portfolios…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2015-02-24 Imre Kondor , Fabio Caccioli , Gábor Papp , Matteo Marsili

Expected Shortfall (ES), the average loss above a high quantile, is the current financial regulatory market risk measure. Its estimation and optimization are highly unstable against sample fluctuations and become impossible above a critical…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-05-05 Gábor Papp , Imre Kondor , Fabio Caccioli

We address the problem of portfolio optimization under the simplest coherent risk measure, i.e. the expected shortfall. As it is well known, one can map this problem into a linear programming setting. For some values of the external…

Physics and Society · Physics 2008-12-02 Stefano Ciliberti , Imre Kondor , Marc Mezard

We discuss the coherence properties of Expected Shortfall (ES) as a financial risk measure. This statistic arises in a natural way from the estimation of the "average of the 100p % worst losses" in a sample of returns to a portfolio. Here p…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-12-31 Carlo Acerbi , Dirk Tasche

We study the feasibility and noise sensitivity of portfolio optimization under some downside risk measures (Value-at-Risk, Expected Shortfall, and semivariance) when they are estimated by fitting a parametric distribution on a finite sample…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2008-12-10 Istvan Varga-Haszonits , Imre Kondor

A new semi-parametric Expected Shortfall (ES) estimation and forecasting framework is proposed. The proposed approach is based on a two-step estimation procedure. The first step involves the estimation of Value-at-Risk (VaR) at different…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-03-16 Giuseppe Storti , Chao Wang

The celebrated Expected Shortfall (ES) optimization formula implies that ES at a fixed probability level is the minimum of a linear real function plus a scaled mean excess function. We establish a reverse ES optimization formula, which says…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-05-23 Yuanying Guan , Zhanyi Jiao , Ruodu Wang

This paper proposes a novel class of generalized Expected-Shortfall (ES) norms constructed via distortion risk measures, establishing a unified analytical framework for risk quantification. The proposed norms extend conventional ES…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-07-15 Shuyu Gong , Taizhong Hu , Zhenfeng Zou

The optimization of a large random portfolio under the Expected Shortfall risk measure with an $\ell_2$ regularizer is carried out by analytical calculation. The regularizer reins in the large sample fluctuations and the concomitant…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2018-07-04 Gábor Papp , Fabio Caccioli , Imre Kondor

We introduce and study the main properties of a class of convex risk measures that refine Expected Shortfall by simultaneously controlling the expected losses associated with different portions of the tail distribution. The corresponding…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-08-19 Matteo Burzoni , Cosimo Munari , Ruodu Wang

Expected Shortfall (ES) is the average return on a risky asset conditional on the return being below some quantile of its distribution, namely its Value-at-Risk (VaR). The Basel III Accord, which will be implemented in the years leading up…

Economics · Quantitative Finance 2017-07-18 Andrew J. Patton , Johanna F. Ziegel , Rui Chen

Expected Shortfall (ES) in several variants has been proposed as remedy for the defi-ciencies of Value-at-Risk (VaR) which in general is not a coherent risk measure. In fact, most definitions of ES lead to the same results when applied to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-12-10 Carlo Acerbi , Dirk Tasche

We consider the combination of value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES) forecasts when a large pool of candidate forecasts is available. Given the limited literature in this area, we implement a variety of new combining methods. In…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-15 James W. Taylor , Chao Wang

Expected Shortfall (ES), also known as superquantile or Conditional Value-at-Risk, has been recognized as an important measure in risk analysis and stochastic optimization, and is also finding applications beyond these areas. In finance, it…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-13 Xuming He , Kean Ming Tan , Wen-Xin Zhou

The Expected Shortfall (ES) is one of the most important regulatory risk measures in finance, insurance, and statistics, which has recently been characterized via sets of axioms from perspectives of portfolio risk management and statistics.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2021-09-09 Qiuqi Wang , Ruodu Wang , Ricardas Zitikis

Systemic risk measures have been shown to be predictive of financial crises and declines in real activity. Thus, forecasting them is of major importance in finance and economics. In this paper, we propose a new forecasting method for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-23 Yannick Hoga

We consider a multi-step algorithm for the computation of the historical expected shortfall such as defined by the Basel Minimum Capital Requirements for Market Risk. At each step of the algorithm, we use Monte Carlo simulations to reduce…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-05-27 Bruno Bouchard , Adil Reghai , Benjamin Virrion

Expected Shortfall (ES) is a coherent measure of tail risk that captures the average loss beyond a quantile threshold. Despite the growing literature on ES regression conditional on covariates, no existing work considers ES modeling in…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-15 Yujie Hou , Xinbing Kong , Yalin Wang , Bin Wu

We study the properties of Expected Shortfall from the point of view of financial risk management. This measure --- which emerges as a natural remedy in some cases where Value at Risk (VaR) is not able to distinguish portfolios which bear…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-12-02 Carlo Acerbi , Claudio Nordio , Carlo Sirtori

We introduce new forecast encompassing tests for the risk measure Expected Shortfall (ES). The ES currently receives much attention through its introduction into the Basel III Accords, which stipulate its use as the primary market risk…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-08-31 Timo Dimitriadis , Julie Schnaitmann
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