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Early-exit neural networks reduce inference cost by enabling confident predictions at intermediate layers. However, joint training often leads to gradient interference, with deeper classifiers dominating optimization. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Saad Mokssit , Ouassim Karrakchou , Alejandro Mousist , Mounir Ghogho

Latent representations are used extensively for downstream tasks, such as visualization, interpolation or feature extraction of deep learning models. Invariant and equivariant neural networks are powerful and well-established models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Andreas Abildtrup Hansen , Anna Calissano , Aasa Feragen

Stochastic neurons can be useful for a number of reasons in deep learning models, but in many cases they pose a challenging problem: how to estimate the gradient of a loss function with respect to the input of such stochastic neurons, i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-05-15 Yoshua Bengio

We introduce a deep, generative autoencoder capable of learning hierarchies of distributed representations from data. Successive deep stochastic hidden layers are equipped with autoregressive connections, which enable the model to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-05-21 Karol Gregor , Ivo Danihelka , Andriy Mnih , Charles Blundell , Daan Wierstra

We sample from a given target distribution by constructing a neural network which maps samples from a simple reference, e.g. the standard normal distribution, to samples from the target. To that end, we propose using a neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Charles Miranda , Janina Schütte , David Sommer , Martin Eigel

We present doubly stochastic gradient MCMC, a simple and generic method for (approximate) Bayesian inference of deep generative models (DGMs) in a collapsed continuous parameter space. At each MCMC sampling step, the algorithm randomly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-08 Chao Du , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang

Efficient exploration remains a challenging problem in reinforcement learning, especially for those tasks where rewards from environments are sparse. A commonly used approach for exploring such environments is to introduce some "intrinsic"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Neale Ratzlaff , Qinxun Bai , Li Fuxin , Wei Xu

We present a derivation of a coarse-grained model from the Langevin dynamics. The focus is placed on the memory kernel function and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Also presented is an hierarchy of approximations for the memory and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-10-04 Lina Ma , Xiantao Li , Chun Liu

Amortised inference enables scalable learning of sequential latent-variable models (LVMs) with the evidence lower bound (ELBO). In this setting, variational posteriors are often only partially conditioned. While the true posteriors depend,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Justin Bayer , Maximilian Soelch , Atanas Mirchev , Baris Kayalibay , Patrick van der Smagt

We study deep neural networks and their use in semiparametric inference. We establish novel rates of convergence for deep feedforward neural nets. Our new rates are sufficiently fast (in some cases minimax optimal) to allow us to establish…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-01-20 Max H. Farrell , Tengyuan Liang , Sanjog Misra

Back-propagation is a popular machine learning algorithm that uses gradient descent in training neural networks for supervised learning, but can be very slow. A number of algorithms have been developed to speed up convergence and improve…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Ho Ling Li

Inference models are a key component in scaling variational inference to deep latent variable models, most notably as encoder networks in variational auto-encoders (VAEs). By replacing conventional optimization-based inference with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Joseph Marino , Yisong Yue , Stephan Mandt

We develop a framework for the analysis of deep neural networks and neural ODE models that are trained with stochastic gradient algorithms. We do that by identifying the connections between control theory, deep learning and theory of…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-03-18 Jean-François Jabir , David Šiška , Łukasz Szpruch

We propose a novel approach to perform approximate Bayesian inference in complex models such as Bayesian neural networks. The approach is more scalable to large data than Markov Chain Monte Carlo, it embraces more expressive models than…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-07 Joel Janek Dabrowski , Daniel Edward Pagendam

When dealing with datasets containing a billion instances or with simulations that require a supercomputer to execute, computational resources become part of the equation. We can improve the efficiency of learning and inference by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-03-06 Max Welling

This work aims efficiently estimating the posterior distribution of kinetic parameters for dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging given a measurement of time of activity curve. Considering the inherent information loss from…

Medical Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Xiaofeng Liu , Thibault Marin , Tiss Amal , Jonghye Woo , Georges El Fakhri , Jinsong Ouyang

Despite tremendous success of modern neural networks, they are known to be overconfident even when the model encounters inputs with unfamiliar conditions. Detecting such inputs is vital to preventing models from making naive predictions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Jinsol Lee , Ghassan AlRegib

We show that unconverged stochastic gradient descent can be interpreted as a procedure that samples from a nonparametric variational approximate posterior distribution. This distribution is implicitly defined as the transformation of an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-04-07 Dougal Maclaurin , David Duvenaud , Ryan P. Adams

Stochastic differential equations of Langevin-diffusion form have received significant attention, thanks to their foundational role in both Bayesian sampling algorithms and optimization in machine learning. In the latter, they serve as a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-14 Fabio V. Difonzo , Vyacheslav Kungurtsev , Jakub Marecek

Empirical researchers increasingly use upstream machine-learning (ML) methods to construct proxies for latent target variables from complex, unstructured data. A naive plug-in use of such proxies in downstream econometric models, however,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-14 Lixiong Li