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The Pierre Auger Observatory is the world's largest detector of ultra--high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). It uses an array of fluorescence telescopes and particle detectors at the ground to obtain detailed measurements of the energy…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-02-02 Dariusz Gora

Cosmic rays arriving at Earth collide with the upper parts of the atmosphere, thereby inducing extensive air showers. When secondary particles from the cascade arrive at the ground, they are measured by surface detector arrays. We describe…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-06 The Pierre Auger Collaboration , A. Aab , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , J. M. Albury , I. Allekotte , A. Almela , J. Alvarez Castillo , J. Alvarez-Muñiz , R. Alves Batista , G. A. Anastasi , L. Anchordoqui , B. Andrada , S. Andringa , C. Aramo , P. R. Araújo Ferreira , H. Asorey , P. Assis , G. Avila , A. M. Badescu , A. Bakalova , A. Balaceanu , F. Barbato , R. J. Barreira Luz , K. H. Becker , J. A. Bellido , C. Berat , M. E. Bertaina , X. Bertou , P. L. Biermann , P. Billoir , T. Bister , J. Biteau , A. Blanco , J. Blazek , C. Bleve , M. Boháčová , D. Boncioli , C. Bonifazi , L. Bonneau Arbeletche , N. Borodai , A. M. Botti , J. Brack , T. Bretz , F. L. Briechle , A. Bridgeman , P. Buchholz , A. Bueno , S. Buitink , M. Buscemi , K. S. Caballero-Mora , L. Caccianiga , L. Calcagni , A. Cancio , F. Canfora , I. Caracas , J. M. Carceller , R. Caruso , A. Castellina , F. Catalani , G. Cataldi , L. Cazon , M. Cerda , J. A. Chinellato , K. Choi , J. Chudoba , L. Chytka , R. W. Clay , A. C. Cobos Cerutti , R. Colalillo , A. Coleman , M. R. Coluccia , R. Conceição , A. Condorelli , G. Consolati , F. Contreras , F. Convenga , C. E. Covault , S. Dasso , K. Daumiller , B. R. Dawson , J. A. Day , R. M. de Almeida , J. de Jesús , S. J. de Jong , G. De Mauro , J. R. T. de Mello Neto , I. De Mitri , J. de Oliveira , D. de Oliveira Franco , V. de Souza , E. De Vito , J. Debatin , M. del Río , O. Deligny , N. Dhital , A. Di Matteo , M. L. Díaz Castro , C. Dobrigkeit , J. C. D'Olivo , Q. Dorosti , R. C. dos Anjos , M. T. Dova , J. Ebr , R. Engel , I. Epicoco , M. Erdmann , C. O. Escobar , A. Etchegoyen , H. Falcke , J. Farmer , G. Farrar , A. C. Fauth , N. Fazzini , F. Feldbusch , F. Fenu , B. Fick , J. M. Figueira , A. Filipčič , T. Fodran , M. M. Freire , T. Fujii , A. Fuster , C. Galea , C. Galelli , B. García , A. L. Garcia Vegas , H. Gemmeke , F. Gesualdi , A. Gherghel-Lascu , P. L. Ghia , U. Giaccari , M. Giammarchi , M. Giller , J. Glombitza , F. Gobbi , F. Gollan , G. Golup , M. Gómez Berisso , P. F. Gómez Vitale , J. P. Gongora , N. González , I. Goos , D. Góra , A. Gorgi , M. Gottowik , T. D. Grubb , F. Guarino , G. P. Guedes , E. Guido , S. Hahn , R. Halliday , M. R. Hampel , P. Hansen , D. Harari , V. M. Harvey , A. Haungs , T. Hebbeker , D. Heck , G. C. Hill , C. Hojvat , J. R. Hörandel , P. Horvath , M. Hrabovský , T. Huege , J. Hulsman , A. Insolia , P. G. Isar , J. A. Johnsen , J. Jurysek , A. Kääpä , K. H. Kampert , B. Keilhauer , J. Kemp , H. O. Klages , M. Kleifges , J. Kleinfeller , M. Köpke , G. Kukec Mezek , B. L. Lago , D. LaHurd , R. G. Lang , M. A. Leigui de Oliveira , V. Lenok , A. Letessier-Selvon , I. Lhenry-Yvon , D. Lo Presti , L. Lopes , R. López , R. Lorek , Q. Luce , A. Lucero , A. Machado Payeras , M. Malacari , G. Mancarella , D. Mandat , B. C. Manning , J. Manshanden , P. Mantsch , S. Marafico , A. G. Mariazzi , I. C. Mariş , G. Marsella , D. Martello , H. Martinez , O. Martínez Bravo , M. Mastrodicasa , H. J. Mathes , J. Matthews , G. Matthiae , E. Mayotte , P. O. Mazur , G. Medina-Tanco , D. Melo , A. Menshikov , K. -D. Merenda , S. Michal , M. I. Micheletti , L. Miramonti , D. Mockler , S. Mollerach , F. Montanet , C. Morello , M. Mostafá , A. L. Müller , M. A. Muller , K. Mulrey , R. Mussa , M. Muzio , W. M. Namasaka , L. Nellen , M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu , M. Niechciol , D. Nitz , D. Nosek , V. Novotny , L. Nožka , A Nucita , L. A. Núñez , M. Palatka , J. Pallotta , M. P. Panetta , P. Papenbreer , G. Parente , A. Parra , M. Pech , F. Pedreira , J. Pękala , R. Pelayo , J. Peña-Rodriguez , J. Perez Armand , M. Perlin , L. Perrone , C. Peters , S. Petrera , T. Pierog , M. Pimenta , V. Pirronello , M. Platino , B. Pont , M. Pothast , P. Privitera , M. Prouza , A. Puyleart , S. Querchfeld , J. Rautenberg , D. Ravignani , M. Reininghaus , J. Ridky , F. Riehn , M. Risse , P. Ristori , V. Rizi , W. Rodrigues de Carvalho , J. Rodriguez Rojo , M. J. Roncoroni , M. Roth , E. Roulet , A. C. Rovero , P. Ruehl , S. J. Saffi , A. Saftoiu , F. Salamida , H. Salazar , G. Salina , J. D. Sanabria Gomez , F. Sánchez , E. M. Santos , E. Santos , F. Sarazin , R. Sarmento , C. Sarmiento-Cano , R. Sato , P. Savina , C. Schäfer , V. Scherini , H. Schieler , M. Schimassek , M. Schimp , F. Schlüter , D. Schmidt , O. Scholten , P. Schovánek , F. G. Schröder , S. Schröder , A. Schulz , S. J. Sciutto , M. Scornavacche , R. C. Shellard , G. Sigl , G. Silli , O. Sima , R. Šmída , P. Sommers , J. F. Soriano , J. Souchard , R. Squartini , M. Stadelmaier , D. Stanca , S. Stanič , J. Stasielak , P. Stassi , A. Streich , M. Suárez-Durán , T. Sudholz , T. Suomijärvi , A. D. Supanitsky , J. Šupík , Z. Szadkowski , A. Taboada , A. Tapia , C. Timmermans , O. Tkachenko , P. Tobiska , C. J. Todero Peixoto , B. Tomé , G. Torralba Elipe , A. Travaini , P. Travnicek , C. Trimarelli , M. Trini , M. Tueros , R. Ulrich , M. Unger , M. Urban , L. Vaclavek , M. Vacula , J. F. Valdés Galicia , I. Valiño , L. Valore , A. van Vliet , E. Varela , B. Vargas Cárdenas , A. Vásquez-Ramírez , D. Veberič , C. Ventura , I. D. Vergara Quispe , V. Verzi , J. Vicha , L. Villaseñor , J. Vink , S. Vorobiov , H. Wahlberg , A. A. Watson , M. Weber , A. Weindl , L. Wiencke , H. Wilczyński , T. Winchen , M. Wirtz , D. Wittkowski , B. Wundheiler , A. Yushkov , O. Zapparrata , E. Zas , D. Zavrtanik , M. Zavrtanik , L. Zehrer , A. Zepeda , M. Ziolkowski , F. Zuccarello

We develop a potential algorithm to relate the depth development of ultra high energy extensive air showers and the time delay for individual muons. The time distributions sampled at different positions at ground level by a large air shower…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 L. Cazon , R. A. Vazquez , E. Zas

A fair knowledge of the atmospheric muon distributions at Earth is a prerequisite for the simulations of cosmic ray setups and rare event search detectors. A modified power law is proposed for atmospheric muon energy distribution which…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2018-10-01 Prashant Shukla , Sundaresh Sankrith

The "Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array" (AMIGA) project provides direct muon counting capacity to the Pierre Auger Observatory and extends its energy detection range down to 0.3 EeV. It currently consists of 61 detector pairs (a…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 O. Wainberg , A. Almela , M. Platino , F. Sanchez , F. Suarez , A. Lucero , M. Videla , B. Wundheiler , D. Melo , M. Hampel , A. Etchegoyen

With the knowledge and statistical precision derived from two decades of measurement, the Pierre Auger Observatory has significantly deepened our understanding of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays while unearthing an increasingly complex…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-12 David Schmidt

Cosmic ray muons have emerged as a non-conventional high-energy radiation probe to monitor dense and large objects. Muons are the most abundant cosmic radiation on Earth, however, their flux at sea level is approximately 10,000 min^-1m^-2…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-01-05 Junghyun Bae , Stylianos Chatzidakis

Underground detectors measure the directions of up-coming muons of neutrino origin. They can also observe down-going muons made by gamma rays in the Earth's atmosphere. Although gamma ray showers are muon-poor, they produce a sufficient…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 F. Halzen , T. Stanev

The aim of the Pierre Auger Observatory is the investigation of the nature of cosmic ray particles at ultra-high energies. It can simultaneously observe the longitudinal air shower development in the atmosphere as well as particle densities…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Ralf Ulrich

Ultra-high-energy photons have long been sought as tracers of the most energetic processes in the Universe. Several sources can contribute to a diffuse photon flux, including interactions of cosmic rays with Galactic matter and radiation…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-22 Ezequiel Rodriguez

Unveiling the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays remains one of the main challenges of high-energy astrophysics. Measurements of anisotropies in their arrival directions are key to identifying their sources, yet magnetic deflections…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-28 Marta Bianciotto

Cosmic rays, originating from stars, supernovae, and other astrophysical sources, are composed of high-energy particles that enter Earths atmosphere. Upon interaction with atmospheric nuclei, these primary cosmic rays generate secondary…

We explore the feasibility of estimating primary cosmic ray composition at high energies from the study of two parameters of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) at ground and underground level with Monte Carlo simulations using the new EPOS and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-01-12 A. Tapia , D. Melo , F. Sánchez , A. Sedoski Croce , J. M. Figueira , B. García , N. González , M. Josebachuili , D. Ravignani , B. Wundheiler , A. Etchegoyen

The MicroBooNE detector is a liquid argon time projection chamber at Fermilab designed to study short-baseline neutrino oscillations and neutrino-argon interaction cross-section. Due to its location near the surface, a good understanding of…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-02-17 MicroBooNE collaboration , R. Acciarri , C. Adams , R. An , J. Anthony , J. Asaadi , M. Auger , L. Bagby , S. Balasubramanian , B. Baller , C. Barnes , G. Barr , M. Bass , F. Bay , M. Bishai , A. Blake , T. Bolton , L. Camilleri , D. Caratelli , B. Carls , R. Castillo Fernandez , F. Cavanna , H. Chen , E. Church , D. Cianci , E. Cohen , G. H. Collin , J. M. Conrad , M. Convery , J. I. Crespo-Anadon , M. Del Tutto , D. Devitt , S. Dytman , B. Eberly , A. Ereditato , L. Escudero Sanchez , J. Esquivel , A. A. Fadeeva , B. T. Fleming , W. Foreman , A. P. Furmanski , D. Garcia-Gamez , G. T. Garvey , V. Genty , D. Goeldi , S. Gollapinni , N. Graf , E. Gramellini , H. Greenlee , R. Grosso , R. Guenette , A. Hackenburg , P. Hamilton , O. Hen , V Hewes , C. Hill , J. Ho , G. Horton-Smith , A. Hourlier , E. -C. Huang , C. James , J. Jan de Vries , C. -M. Jen , L. Jiang , R. A. Johnson , J. Joshi , H. Jostlein , D. Kaleko , L. N. Kalousis , G. Karagiorgi , W. Ketchum , B. Kirby , M. Kirby , T. Kobilarcik , I. Kreslo , G. Lange , A. Laube , Y. Li , A. Lister , B. R. Littlejohn , S. Lockwitz , D. Lorca , W. C. Louis , M. Luethi , B. Lundberg , X. Luo , A. Marchionni , C. Mariani , J. Marshall , D. A. Martinez Caicedo , V. Meddage , T. Miceli , G. B. Mills , J. Moon , M. Mooney , C. D. Moore , J. Mousseau , R. Murrells , D. Naples , P. Nienaber , J. Nowak , O. Palamara , V. Paolone , V. Papavassiliou , S. F. Pate , Z. Pavlovic , R. Pelkey , E. Piasetzky , D. Porzio , G. Pulliam , X. Qian , J. L. Raaf , A. Rafique , L. Rochester , C. Rudolf von Rohr , B. Russell , D. W. Schmitz , A. Schukraft , W. Seligman , M. H. Shaevitz , J. Sinclair , A. Smith , E. L. Snider , M. Soderberg , S. Soldner-Rembold , S. R. Soleti , P. Spentzouris , J. Spitz , J. St. John , T. Strauss , A. M. Szelc , N. Tagg , K. Terao , M. Thomson , M. Toups , Y. -T. Tsai , S. Tufanli , T. Usher , W. Van De Pontseele , R. G. Van de Water , B. Viren , M. Weber , D. A. Wickremasinghe , S. Wolbers , T. Wongjirad , K. Woodruff , T. Yang , L. Yates , G. P. Zeller , J. Zennamo , C. Zhang

In extensive air shower experiments, the number of muons crossing a detector at a given position, as well as their arrival time, arrival direction, and energy, are determined by a more fundamental 3-dimensional distribution linked to the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-03-15 Lorenzo Cazon , Rúben Conceição , Felix Riehn

The primary aim of ANTARES is neutrino astronomy with upward going muons created in charged current muon neutrino interactions in the detector and its surroundings. Downward going muons are background for neutrino searches. These muons are…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-14 J. A. Aguilar , I. Al. Samarai , A. Albert , M. André , M. Anghinolfi , G. Anton , S. Anvar , M. Ardid , A. C. Assis Jesus , T. Astraatmadja , J. J. Aubert , B. Baret , S. Basa , V. Bertin , S. Biagi , A. Bigi , C. Bigongiari , C. Bogazzi , M. Bou-Cabo , B. Bouhou , M. C. Bouwhuis , J. Brunner , J. Busto , F. Camarena , A. Capone , C. Carloganu , G. Carminati , J. Carr , S. Cecchini , Z. Charif , P. Charvis , T. Chiarusi , M. Circella , R. Coniglione , H. Costantini , P. Coyle , C. Curtil , M. P. Decowski , I. Dekeyser , A. Deschamps , C. Distefano , C. Donzaud , D. Dornic , Q. Dorosti , D. Drouhin , T. Eberl , U. Emanuele , A. Enzenhöfer , J. P. Ernenwein , S. Escoffier , P. Fermani , M. Ferri , V. Flaminio , F. Folger , U. Fritsch , J. L. Fuda , S. Galatà , P. Gay , G. Giacomelli , V. Giordano , J. P. Gómez-González , K. Graf , G. Guillard , G. Halladjian , G. Hallewell , H. van Haren , J. Hartman , A. J. Heijboer , Y. Hello , J. J. Hernández-Rey , B. Herold , J. Hößl , C. C. Hsu , M. de Jong , M. Kadler , O. Kalekin , A. Kappes , U. Katz , O. Kavatsyuk , P. Kooijman , C. Kopper , A. Kouchner , I. Kreykenbohm , V. Kulikovskiy , R. Lahmann , P. Lamare , G. Larosa , D. Lattuada , D. Lefèvre , G. Lim , D. Lo Presti , H. Loehner , S. Loucatos , S. Mangano , M. Marcelin , A. Margiotta , J. A. Martinez-Mora , A. Meli , T. Montaruli , L. Moscoso , H. Motz , M. Neff , E. Nezri , D. Palioselitis , G. E. Păvălaş , K. Payet , P. Payre , J. Petrovic , P. Piattelli , N. Picot-Clemente , V. Popa , T. Pradier , E. Presani , C. Racca , C. Reed , C. Richardt , R. Richter , C. Rivière , A. Robert , K. Roensch , A. Rostovtsev , J. Ruiz-Rivas , M. Rujoiu , G. V. Russo , F. Salesa , P. Sapienza , F. Schöck , J. P. Schuller , F. Schüssler , R. Shanidze , F. Simeone , A. Spies , M. Spurio , J. J. M. Steijger , T. Stolarczyk , A. Sánchez-Losa , M. Taiuti , C. Tamburini , S. Toscano , B. Vallage , V. Van Elewyck , G. Vannoni , M. Vecchi , P. Vernin , G. Wijnker , J. Wilms , E. de Wolf , H. Yepes , D. Zaborov , J. D. Zornoza , J. Zúñiga

The muon charge ratio of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays may provide information to detect the composition of the primary cosmic rays. We propose to extract the charge information of high energy muons in very inclined extensive air showers by…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Bo-Qiang Ma

The sensitivity to the mass composition as well as the reconstruction of the energy of the primary particle are explored here by leveraging the features of the radio lateral distribution function. For the purpose of this analysis, a set of…

Cosmic rays with energies up to $10^{11}\,\mathrm{GeV}$ enter the atmosphere and produce showers of secondary particles. Inside these showers muons with high transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T} \gtrsim 2\,\mathrm{GeV}$) are produced from the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 D. Soldin

This work reinterprets so-called 'noise' in cosmic ray imaging, indicating that the data of reconstructed Points of Closest Approach (PoCA points) outside the volume of interest defined by traditional tomography methods contain valuable…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-09-17 Rongfeng Zhang , Zibo Qin , Cheng-en Liu , Qite Li , Yong Ban , Chen Zhou , Qiang Li