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In their 1960 book on finite Markov chains, Kemeny and Snell established that a certain sum is invariant. The value of this sum has become known as {\it Kemeny's constant}. Various proofs have been given over time, some more technical than…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-09-06 Dario Bini , Jeffrey J. Hunter , Guy Latouche , Beatrice Meini , Peter G. Taylor

Extensions of Kemeny's constant, as derived for irreducible finite Markov chains in discrete time, to Markov renewal processes and Markov chains in continuous time are discussed. Three alternative Kemeny's functions and their variants are…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-09-17 Jeffrey J Hunter

Kemeny's constant is an invariant of discrete-time Markov chains, equal to the expected number of steps between two states sampled from the stationary distribution. It appears in applications as a concise characterization of the mixing…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-10-17 Karel Devriendt

The mean time taken by an irreducible Markov chain on a finite state space to hit a target chosen at random according to the stationary distribution does not depend on the initial state of the chain. This mean time is known as Kemeny's…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-13 P. J. Fitzsimmons

In a finite state irreducible Markov chain with stationary probabilities \pi_i and mean first passage times m_(ij) (mean recurrence time when i = j) it was first shown by Kemeny and Snell (1960) that \sum_j \pi_j m_(ij) is a constant K, not…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-03-18 Jeffrey J. Hunter

Kemeny's constant measures the efficiency of a Markov chain in traversing its states. We investigate whether structure-preserving perturbations to the transition probabilities of a reversible Markov chain can improve its connectivity while…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-17 Fabio Durastante , Miryam Gnazzo , Beatrice Meini

Kemeny's constant quantifies the expected time for a random walk to reach a randomly chosen vertex, providing insight into the global behavior of a Markov chain. We present a novel eigenvector-based formula for computing Kemeny's constant.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-18 Aida Abiad , Ángeles Carmona , Andrés M. Encinas , Maria José Jiménez , Álvaro Samperio

Given an ergodic finite-state Markov chain, let M_{iw} denote the mean time from i to equilibrium, meaning the expected time, starting from i, to arrive at a state selected randomly according to the equilibrium measure w of the chain. John…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-09-16 Peter G. Doyle

Given a unichain Markov reward process (MRP), we provide an explicit expression for the bias values in terms of mean first passage times. This result implies a generalization of known Markov chain perturbation bounds for the stationary…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-08-09 Ronald Ortner

Questions are posed regarding the influence that the column sums of the transition probabilities of a stochastic matrix (with row sums all one) have on the stationary distribution, the mean first passage times and the Kemeny constant of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-03-05 Jeffrey J. Hunter

For continuous-time ergodic Markov processes, the Kemeny time $\tau_*$ is the characteristic time needed to converge towards the steady state $P_*(x)$ : in real-space, the Kemeny time $\tau_*$ corresponds to the average of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-06-12 Alain Mazzolo , Cecile Monthus

Kemeny's constant for a connected graph $G$ is the expected time for a random walk to reach a randomly-chosen vertex $u$, regardless of the choice of the initial vertex. We extend the definition of Kemeny's constant to non-backtracking…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-24 Jane Breen , Nolan Faught , Cory Glover , Mark Kempton , Adam Knudson , Alice Oveson

Starting from a Markov chain with a finite alphabet, we consider the chain obtained when all but one symbol are undistinguishable for the practitioner. We study necessary and sufficient conditions for this chain to have continuous…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-09-23 Walter A. F. de Carvalho , Sandro Gallo , Nancy L. Garcia

We analyze the notions of monotonicity and complete monotonicity for Markov Chains in continuous-time, taking values in a finite partially ordered set. Similarly to what happens in discrete-time, the two notions are not equivalent. However,…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-03-08 Paolo Dai Pra , Pierre-Yves Louis , Ida Minelli

We find closed form formulas for Kemeny's constant and its relationship with two Kirchhoffian indices for some composite graphs that use as basic building block a graph endowed with one of several symmetry properties.

Probability · Mathematics 2020-07-23 Jose Palacios , Greg Markowsky

Given a stochastic matrix $P$ partitioned in four blocks $P_{ij}$, $i,j=1,2$, Kemeny's constant $\kappa(P)$ is expressed in terms of Kemeny's constants of the stochastic complements $P_1=P_{11}+P_{12}(I-P_{22})^{-1}P_{21}$, and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-16 Dario Andrea Bini , Fabio Durastante , Sooyeong Kim , Beatrice Meini

Kemeny's constant for random walks on a graph is defined as the mean hitting time from one node to another selected randomly according to the stationary distribution. It has found numerous applications and attracted considerable research…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Haisong Xia , Zhongzhi Zhang

We propose two possible definitions for a version of Kemeny's constant of a graph based on non-backtracking random walks (in place of the usual simple random walk). We show that these two definitions coincide for edge-transitive graphs, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-09 Jane Breen , Mark Kempton , Adam Knudson , Matthew Shumway

This note presents a simple proof of the monotonicity of the invariant distribution of a discrete Markov chain with a finite state space. This answers a question recently raised by David Siegmund.

Probability · Mathematics 2019-05-09 Mark Whitmeyer

We consider a time-homogeneous Markov chain $X_n$, $n\ge0$, valued in ${\bf R}$. Suppose that this chain is transient, that is, $X_n$ generates a $\sigma$-finite renewal measure. We prove the key renewal theorem under condition that this…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-11-15 Dmitry Korshunov
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