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Related papers: Random 'choices' and the locality loophole

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Quantum mechanics provides means of generating genuine randomness that is impossible with deterministic classical processes. Remarkably, the unpredictability of randomness can be certified in a self-testing manner that is independent of…

A model for experiments testing Bell Inequalities is presented that does not involve nonlocal effects. It constitutes essentially a physical explanation of a "loophole" in the logic of these experiments, which, if not excluded, in principle…

General Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 A. F. Kracklauer

Many Bell test results violate Bell's inequality. The premise of Bell's inequality is local determinism. We propose that, it can't be proved that something's mechanism isn't deterministic; if loopholes are not the reason of violation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-30 Shoujiang Wang , Xiulan Wang

It is currently widely accepted, as a result of Bell's theorem and related experiments, that quantum mechanics is inconsistent with local realism and there is the so called quantum non-locality. We show that such a claim can be justified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrei Khrennikov , Igor Volovich

Recently, a group of experiments tested local realism with random choices prepared by humans. These various tests were subject to additional assumptions, which lead to loopholes in the interpretations of almost all of the experiments. Among…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-08 Stanisław Sołtan , Dawid Dopierała , Adam Bednorz

Pseudo-random number generators are widely used in many branches of science, mainly in applications related to Monte Carlo methods, although they are deterministic in design and, therefore, unsuitable for tackling fundamental problems in…

Several versions of quantum theory assume some form of localized collapse. If measurement outcomes are indeed defined by localized collapses, then a loophole-free demonstration of Bell non-locality needs to ensure space-like separated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Adrian Kent

We discuss Bell nonlocality in quantum networks with unreliable sources. Our main result is a condition on the observed data which ensures that inconclusive events can be safely discarded, without introducing any loophole. More formally, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Sadra Boreiri , Nicolas Brunner , Pavel Sekatski

Randomness is a fundamental feature in nature and a valuable resource for applications ranging from cryptography and gambling to numerical simulation of physical and biological systems. Random numbers, however, are difficult to characterize…

Bell experiments can be used to generate private random numbers. An ideal Bell experiment would involve measuring a state of two maximally entangled qubits, but in practice any state produced is subject to noise. Here we consider how the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-12 Jean-Daniel Bancal , Valerio Scarani

Local realism is in conflict with special quantum Bell-type models. Recently, several experiments have demonstrated violation of local realism if we trust their setup assuming special relativity valid. In this paper we question the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-23 Adam Bednorz

A recent experiment yielding results in agreement with quantum theory and violating Bell inequalities was interpreted [Nature 526 (29 Octobert 2015) p. 682 and p. 649] as ruling out any local realistic theory of nature. But quantum theory…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-07 Robert B. Griffiths

The interpretation of the meaning of Quantum Mechanics has faced controversy since its inception. Bell's inequalities are a touchstone in this controversy. Their observed violation demonstrates that at least one of the hypotheses involved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Mónica Agüero , Juliana Bordieu , Alejandro Hnilo , Marcelo Kovalsky , Myriam Nonaka

We introduce probability estimation, a broadly applicable framework to certify randomness in a finite sequence of measurement results without assuming that these results are independent and identically distributed. Probability estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-30 Yanbao Zhang , Emanuel Knill , Peter Bierhorst

A simple classical, deterministic, local situation violating the Bell inequality is described. The detectors used in the experiment are ideal and the observers who decide which pair of measuring devices to choose for a given pair of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-25 Marek Czachor

A Bell test is a randomized trial that compares experimental observations against the philosophical worldview of local realism. A Bell test requires spatially distributed entanglement, fast and high-efficiency detection and unpredictable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-12 The BIG Bell Test Collaboration , C. Abellán , A. Acín , A. Alarcón , O. Alibart , C. K. Andersen , F. Andreoli , A. Beckert , F. A. Beduini , A. Bendersky , M. Bentivegna , P. Bierhorst , D. Burchardt , A. Cabello , J. Cariñe , S. Carrasco , G. Carvacho , D. Cavalcanti , R. Chaves , J. Cortés-Vega , A. Cuevas , A. Delgado , H. de Riedmatten , C. Eichler , P. Farrera , J. Fuenzalida , M. García-Matos , R. Garthoff , S. Gasparinetti , T. Gerrits , F. Ghafari Jouneghani , S. Glancy , E. S. Gómez , P. González , J. -Y. Guan , J. Handsteiner , J. Heinsoo , G. Heinze , A. Hirschmann , O. Jiménez , F. Kaiser , E. Knill , L. T. Knoll , S. Krinner , P. Kurpiers , M. A. Larotonda , J. -Å. Larsson , A. Lenhard , H. Li , M. -H. Li , G. Lima , B. Liu , Y. Liu , I. H. López Grande , T. Lunghi , X. Ma , O. S. Magaña-Loaiza , P. Magnard , A. Magnoni , M. Martí-Prieto , D. Martínez , P. Mataloni , A. Mattar , M. Mazzera , R. P. Mirin , M. W. Mitchell , S. Nam , M. Oppliger , J. -W. Pan , R. B. Patel , G. J. Pryde , D. Rauch , K. Redeker , D. Rieländer , M. Ringbauer , T. Roberson , W. Rosenfeld , Y. Salathé , L. Santodonato , G. Sauder , T. Scheidl , C. T. Schmiegelow , F. Sciarrino , A. Seri , L. K. Shalm , S. -C. Shi , S. Slussarenko , M. J. Stevens , S. Tanzilli , F. Toledo , J. Tura , R. Ursin , P. Vergyris , V. B. Verma , T. Walter , A. Wallraff , Z. Wang , H. Weinfurter , M. M. Weston , A. G. White , C. Wu , G. B. Xavier , L. You , X. Yuan , A. Zeilinger , Q. Zhang , W. Zhang , J. Zhong

We introduce, for any bipartite Bell scenario, a measure that quantifies both the amount of nonlocality and the efficiency in device-independent quantum key distribution of a set of measurement outcomes probabilities. It is a proper measure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-30 S. Camalet

Applications of randomness such as private key generation and public randomness beacons require small blocks of certified random bits on demand. Device-independent quantum random number generators can produce such random bits, but existing…

Quantum random number generator harnesses the power of quantum mechanics to generate true random numbers, making it valuable for various scientific applications. However, real-world devices often suffer from imperfections that can undermine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-07 Xing Lin , Rong Wang

According to recent reports, the last loopholes in testing Bell's inequality are closed. It is argued that the really important task in this field has not been tackled yet and that the leading experiments claiming to close locality and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 L. Vaidman