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Let $R$ and $B$ be two disjoint sets of points in the plane where the points of $R$ are colored red and the points of $B$ are colored blue, and let $n=|R\cup B|$. A bichromatic spanning tree is a spanning tree in the complete bipartite…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Ahmad Biniaz , Prosenjit Bose , David Eppstein , Anil Maheshwari , Pat Morin , Michiel Smid

Motivated by Dohmen-P\"onitz-Tittmann's bivariate chromatic polynomial $\chi_G(x,y)$, which counts all $x$-colorings of a graph $G$ such that adjacent vertices get different colors if they are $\le y$, we introduce a bivarate version of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-21 Matthias Beck , Maryam Farahmand , Gina Karunaratne , Sandra Zuniga Ruiz

The chromatic polynomial is characterized as the unique polynomial invariant of graphs, compatible with two interacting bialgebras structures: the first coproduct is given by partitions of vertices into two parts, the second one by a…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2021-05-05 Loïc Foissy

Let v_1 and v_2 be two distinct vertices of a tree T_0. Let \phi_N^{(i)} (i=1,2) be the characteristic functions of the Sturm-Liouville problem on T_0 rooted at v_i with Neumann conditions at the root and let \phi_D^{(i)} (i=1,2) be the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-08-06 Mats-Erik Pistol , Vyacheslav Pivovarchik

Chromatic polynomials are important objects in graph theory and statistical physics, but as a result of computational difficulties, their study is limited to graphs that are small, highly structured, or very sparse. We have devised and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-08-18 Yvonne Kemper , Isabel Beichl

A hypertree is a connected hypergraph without cycles. Further a hypertree is called an $r$-tree if, additionally, it is $r$-uniform. Note that 2-trees are just ordinary trees. A classical result states that for any 2-tree $T$ with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-29 Honghai Li , Li Su , Shaun Fallat

The tree spanner problem for a graph $G$ is as follows: For a given integer $k$, is there a spanning tree $T$ of $G$ (called a tree $k$-spanner) such that the distance in $T$ between every pair of vertices is at most $k$ times their…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-07 Lan Lin , Yixun Lin

This paper studies increasing trees on $n$ labeled vertices, in which labels increase from the root to the leaves. It is known that the number of binary increasing trees coincides with the number of alternating permutations (Euler numbers).…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Medet Jumadildayev

Let H be a tree. It was proved by Rodl that graphs that do not contain H as an induced subgraph, and do not contain the complete bipartite graph $K_{t,t}$ as a subgraph, have bounded chromatic number. Kierstead and Penrice strengthened…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-27 Alex Scott , Paul Seymour , Sophie Spirkl

Consider a set of labels $L$ and a set of trees ${\mathcal T} = \{{\mathcal T}^{(1), {\mathcal T}^{(2), ..., {\mathcal T}^{(k) \$ where each tree ${\mathcal T}^{(i)$ is distinctly leaf-labeled by some subset of $L$. One fundamental problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2008-02-21 Viet Tung Hoang , Wing-Kin Sung

There are several common ways to encode a tree as a matrix, such as the adjacency matrix, the Laplacian matrix (that is, the infinitesimal generator of the natural random walk), and the matrix of pairwise distances between leaves. Such…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Frederick A. Matsen , Steven N. Evans

The chromatic polynomial $\pi_{G}(k)$ of a graph $G$ can be viewed as counting the number of vertices in a family of coloring graphs $\mathcal C_k(G)$ associated with (proper) $k$-colorings of $G$ as a function of the number of colors $k$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-06 Shamil Asgarli , Sara Krehbiel , Howard W. Levinson , Heather M. Russell

The generalized degree polynomial $\mathbf{G}_T(x,y,z)$ of a tree $T$ is an invariant introduced by Crew that enumerates subsets of vertices by size and number of internal and boundary edges. Aliste-Prieto et al. proved that $\mathbf{G}_T$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-15 Ricky Ini Liu , Michael Tang

By considering the parity of the degrees and levels of nodes in increasing trees, a new combinatorial interpretation for the coefficients of the Taylor expansions of the Jacobi elliptic functions is found. As one application of this new…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-15 Zhicong Lin , Jun Ma

This paper presents a new graph isomorphism invariant, called $\mathfrak{w}$-labeling, that can be used to design a polynomial-time algorithm for solving the graph isomorphism problem for various graph classes. For example, all…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Alpár Jüttner , Péter Madarasi

The canonical tree-decomposition theorem, given by Robertson and Seymour in their seminal graph minors series, turns out to be one of the most important tool in structural and algorithmic graph theory. In this paper, we provide the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Archontia C. Giannopoulou , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi , Stephan Kreutzer , O-joung Kwon

We study the fundamental question of how likely it is that two randomly chosen trees are isomorphic to each other for different models of random trees. We show that the probability decays exponentially for rooted labeled trees as well as…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-04-11 Christoffer Olsson

The MULTICUT IN TREES problem consists in deciding, given a tree, a set of requests (i.e. paths in the tree) and an integer k, whether there exists a set of k edges cutting all the requests. This problem was shown to be FPT by Guo and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-02-09 Nicolas Bousquet , Jean Daligault , Stephan Thomasse , Anders Yeo

The problem of counting plane trees with $n$ edges and an even or an odd number of leaves was studied by Eu, Liu and Yeh, in connection with an identity on coloring nets due to Stanley. This identity was also obtained by Bonin, Shapiro and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 William Y. C. Chen , Louis W. Shapiro , Laura L. M. Yang

It is proved that a certain symmetric sequence of nonnegative integers arising in the enumeration of magic squares of given size n by row sums or, equivalently, in the generating function of the Ehrhart polynomial of the polytope of doubly…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Christos A. Athanasiadis