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The downward and upward closures of a regular language $L$ are obtained by collecting all the subwords and superwords of its elements, respectively. The downward and upward interiors of $L$ are obtained dually by collecting words having all…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-02 Prateek Karandikar , Matthias Niewerth , Philippe Schnoebelen

A language $L$ over an alphabet $\Sigma$ is prefix-convex if, for any words $x,y,z\in\Sigma^*$, whenever $x$ and $xyz$ are in $L$, then so is $xy$. Prefix-convex languages include right-ideal, prefix-closed, and prefix-free languages. We…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-27 Janusz Brzozowski , Corwin Sinnamon

The state complexity of the result of a regular operation is often positively correlated with the number of distinct transformations induced by letters in the minimal deterministic finite automaton of the input languages. That is, more…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Sylvie Davies

We study ideal languages generated by a single word. We provide an algorithm to construct a strongly connected synchronizing automaton for which such a language serves as the language of synchronizing words. Also we present a compact…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-12 Vladimir V. Gusev , Marina I. Maslennikova , Elena V. Pribavkina

We describe witness languages meeting the upper bound on the state complexity of the multiple concatenation of $k$ regular languages over an alphabet of size $k+1$ with a significantly simpler proof than that in the literature. We also…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Jozef Jirásek , Galina Jirásková

We introduce a subclass of the commutative regular languages that is characterized by the property that the state set of the minimal deterministic automaton can be written as a certain Cartesian product. This class behaves much better with…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Stefan Hoffmann

Indexed languages are a classical notion in formal language theory, which has attracted attention in recent decades due to its role in higher-order model checking: They are precisely the languages accepted by order-2 pushdown automata. The…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Richard Mandel , Corto Mascle , Georg Zetzsche

An atom of a regular language L with n (left) quotients is a non-empty intersection of uncomplemented or complemented quotients of L, where each of the n quotients appears in a term of the intersection. The quotient complexity of L, which…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-03-09 Janusz Brzozowski , Hellis Tamm

Nonterminal complexity of a context-free language is the smallest possible number of nonterminals in its generating grammar. While in general case nonterminal complexity computation problem is unsolvable, it can be computed for different…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Dmitry Golubenko

In this thesis, we study the place of regular languages within the communication complexity setting. In particular, we are interested in the non-deterministic communication complexity of regular languages. We show that a regular language…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-02-01 Anil Ada

A language L is prefix-free if, whenever words u and v are in L and u is a prefix of v, then u=v. Suffix-, factor-, and subword-free languages are defined similarly, where "subword" means "subsequence". A language is bifix-free if it is…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-05-13 Janusz Brzozowski , Galina Jirásková , Baiyu Li , Joshua Smith

We consider the state complexity of basic operations on tree languages recognized by deterministic unranked tree automata. For the operations of union and intersection the upper and lower bounds of both weakly and strongly deterministic…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-08-11 Xiaoxue Piao , Kai Salomaa

We study the complexity of basic regular operations on languages represented by incomplete deterministic or nondeterministic automata, in which all states are final. Such languages are known to be prefix-closed. We get tight bounds on both…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-23 Kristína Čevorová , Galina Jirásková , Peter Mlynárčik , Matúš Palmovský , Juraj Šebej

The subword complexity of a finite word $w$ of length $N$ is a function which associates to each $n\le N$ the number of all distinct subwords of $w$ having the length $n$. We define the \emph{maximal complexity} C(w) as the maximum of the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2010-02-16 M-C. Anisiu , Z. Blazsik , Z. Kasa

We investigate the state complexity of the permutation operation, or the commutative closure, on Alphabetical Pattern Constraints (APC). This class corresponds to level $3/2$ of the Straubing-Th{\'e}rien Hierarchy and includes the finite,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Stefan Hoffmann

In this article we undertake a study of extension complexity from the perspective of formal languages. We define a natural way to associate a family of polytopes with binary languages. This allows us to define the notion of extension…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Hans Raj Tiwary

We investigate the shuffle operation on regular languages represented by complete deterministic finite automata. We prove that $f(m,n)=2^{mn-1} + 2^{(m-1)(n-1)}(2^{m-1}-1)(2^{n-1}-1)$ is an upper bound on the state complexity of the shuffle…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-07-18 Janusz Brzozowski , Galina Jirásková , Bo Liu , Aayush Rajasekaran , Marek Szykuła

The set of synchronizing words of a given $n$-state automaton forms a regular language recognizable by an automaton with $2^n - n$ states. The size of a recognizing automaton for the set of synchronizing words is linked to computational…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Stefan Hoffmann

Previously, self-verifying symmetric difference automata were defined and a tight bound of 2^n-1-1 was shown for state complexity in the unary case. We now consider the non-unary case and show that, for every n at least 2, there is a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-23 Laurette Marais , Lynette van Zijl

A regular language $L$ is non-returning if in the minimal deterministic finite automaton accepting it there are no transitions into the initial state. Eom, Han and Jir\'askov\'a derived upper bounds on the state complexity of boolean…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Janusz A. Brzozowski , Sylvie Davies