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Due to its human-interpretability and invariance properties, Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) has been a foundational tool across various areas of AI research, leading to significant advancements. However, DAG learning remains highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Naiyu Yin , Tian Gao , Yue Yu

The problem of learning a directed acyclic graph (DAG) up to Markov equivalence is equivalent to the problem of finding a permutation of the variables that induces the sparsest graph. Without additional assumptions, this task is known to be…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-10 Chandler Squires , Joshua Amaniampong , Caroline Uhler

Bayesian causal discovery offers the power to quantify epistemic uncertainties among a broad range of structurally diverse causal theories potentially explaining the data, represented in forms of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Nu Hoang , Bao Duong , Thin Nguyen

Bayesian network is a frequently-used method for fault detection and diagnosis in industrial processes. The basis of Bayesian network is structure learning which learns a directed acyclic graph (DAG) from data. However, the search space…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Zhichao Chen , Zhiqiang Ge

The main approach to defining equivalence among acyclic directed causal graphical models is based on the conditional independence relationships in the distributions that the causal models can generate, in terms of the Markov equivalence.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 AmirEmad Ghassami , Alan Yang , Negar Kiyavash , Kun Zhang

Deep learning has led to tremendous success in computer vision, largely due to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, CNNs have been shown to be vulnerable to crafted adversarial perturbations. This vulnerability of adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hichem Debbi

Directed acyclic graphs have been used fruitfully to represent causal strucures (Pearl 1988). However, in the social sciences and elsewhere models are often used which correspond both causally and statistically to directed graphs with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-24 Thomas S. Richardson

Causal structure learning, also known as causal discovery, aims to estimate causal relationships between variables as a form of a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) from observational data. One of the major frameworks is the order-based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-18 Kentaro Kanamori , Hirofumi Suzuki , Takuya Takagi

Structural causal models (SCMs), with an underlying directed acyclic graph (DAG), provide a powerful analytical framework to describe the interaction mechanisms in large-scale complex systems. However, when the system exhibits extreme…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-28 Junshu Jiang , Jordan Richards , Raphaël Huser , David Bolin

The adversarial vulnerability of deep neural networks has attracted significant attention in machine learning. As causal reasoning has an instinct for modelling distribution change, it is essential to incorporate causality into analyzing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Yonggang Zhang , Mingming Gong , Tongliang Liu , Gang Niu , Xinmei Tian , Bo Han , Bernhard Schölkopf , Kun Zhang

Despite their success and widespread adoption, the opaque nature of deep neural networks (DNNs) continues to hinder trust, especially in critical applications. Current interpretability solutions often yield inconsistent or oversimplified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Alec F. Diallo , Vaishak Belle , Paul Patras

This paper studies the problem of learning causal structures from observational data. We reformulate the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with additive noises in a form parameterized by binary graph adjacency matrix and show that, if the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Ignavier Ng , Shengyu Zhu , Zhuangyan Fang , Haoyang Li , Zhitang Chen , Jun Wang

We study the problem of experimental design for accurately identifying the causal graph structure of a simple structural causal model (SCM), where the underlying graph may include both cycles and bidirected edges induced by latent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-03 Haijie Xu , Chen Zhang

Algorithms for constraint-based causal discovery select graphical causal models among a space of possible candidates (e.g., all directed acyclic graphs) by executing a sequence of conditional independence tests. These may be used to inform…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-19 Ting-Hsuan Chang , Zijian Guo , Daniel Malinsky

Causal inference is a critical task across fields such as healthcare, economics, and the social sciences. While recent advances in machine learning, especially those based on the deep-learning architectures, have shown potential in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-30 Manqing Liu , David R. Bellamy , Andrew L. Beam

We consider the problem of structure learning for linear causal models based on observational data. We treat models given by possibly cyclic mixed graphs, which allow for feedback loops and effects of latent confounders. Generalizing…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-08-21 Carlos Améndola , Philipp Dettling , Mathias Drton , Federica Onori , Jun Wu

One of the established approaches to causal discovery consists of combining directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) with structural causal models (SCMs) to describe the functional dependencies of effects on their causes. Possible identifiability of…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-11 Sarah Leyder , Jakob Raymaekers , Tim Verdonck

In this paper, we develop a generic methodology to encode hierarchical causality structure among observed variables into a neural network in order to improve its predictive performance. The proposed methodology, called causality-informed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Xiaoge Zhang , Xiao-Lin Wang , Fenglei Fan , Yiu-Ming Cheung , Indranil Bose

We consider the problem of recovering the true causal structure among a set of variables, generated by a linear acyclic structural equation model (SEM) with the error terms being independent, not necessarily Gaussian, and having equal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-25 Anamitra Chaudhuri , Yang Ni , Anirban Bhattacharya

Graph-based causal discovery methods aim to capture conditional independencies consistent with the observed data and differentiate causal relationships from indirect or induced ones. Successful construction of graphical models of data…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-08 Boris Hayete , Fred Gruber , Anna Decker , Raymond Yan