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Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique representation as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Once this has been shown, it's natural to ask how many summands are needed. Using a continued fraction approach,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2010-08-20 Murat Kologlu , Gene Kopp , Steven J. Miller , Yinghui Wang

An equivalent definition of the Fibonacci numbers is that they are the unique sequence such that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent terms. We can view this as we have bins of length 1, we can take at most one…

A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{ F_i \}_{i = 1}^{\infty}$. A set $S \subset \mathbb{Z}$ is said to satisfy Benford's law if the density…

As a variant of Zeckendorf's theorem, Chung and Graham proved that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of even-indexed Fibonacci numbers, whose coefficients are either $0, 1$, or $2$ so that between two coefficients…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-01-08 Hung Viet Chu , Aney Manish Kanji , Zachary Louis Vasseur

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into nonadjacent Fibonacci numbers. On the other hand, Chung and Graham proved that every positive integer can be uniquely written as a sum of even-indexed…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-30 Lucas Bustos , Hung Viet Chu , Minchae Kim , Uihyeon Lee , Shreya Shankar , Garrett Tresch

By Zeckendorf's Theorem, every positive integer is uniquely written as a sum of non-adjacent terms of the Fibonacci sequence, and its converse states that if a sequence in the positive integers has this property, it must be the Fibonacci…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-06 Sungkon Chang

A positive linear recurrence sequence is of the form $H_{n+1} = c_1 H_n + \cdots + c_L H_{n+1-L}$ with each $c_i \ge 0$ and $c_1 c_L > 0$, with appropriately chosen initial conditions. There is a notion of a legal decomposition (roughly,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-19 Steven J. Miller , Dawn Nelson , Zhao Pan , Huanzhong Xu

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive shifted Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, where we take $F_1=1$ and $F_2=2$. This has been generalized for any Positive Linear…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-05 Thomas C. Martinez , Steven J. Miller , Clayton Mizgerd , Chenyang Sun

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive shifted Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, where we take $F_1=1$ and $F_2=2$. This has been generalized for any Positive Linear…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-05 Thomas C. Martinez , Steven J. Miller , Clayton Mizgerd , Jack Murphy , Chenyang Sun

By Zeckendorf's Theorem, every positive integer is uniquely written as a sum of distinct non-adjacent Fibonacci terms. In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic formula of the number of binary expansions $<x$ that have no adjacent terms,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-25 Sungkon Chang

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique partition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. We study the difference between the number of summands in the partition of two consecutive integers. In particular, let…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-30 Hung Viet Chu

We present a multidimensional generalization of Zeckendorf's Theorem (any positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers) to a large family of linear recurrences. This extends work of Anderson and…

Zeckendorf's theorem states that any positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers; this result has been generalized to many recurrence relations, especially those arising from linear recurrences with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-04 Minerva Catral , Pari L. Ford , Pamela E. Harris , Steven J. Miller , Dawn Nelson

Given a recurrence sequence $H$, with $H_n = c_1 H_{n-1} + \dots + c_t H_{n-t}$ where $c_i \in \mathbb{N}_0$ for all $i$ and $c_1, c_t \geq 1$, the generalized Zeckendorf decomposition (gzd) of $m \in \mathbb{N}_0$ is the unique…

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique partition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Similarly, every natural number can be partitioned into a sum of non-consecutive terms of the Lucas sequence, although such…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-31 Hung V. Chu , David C. Luo , Steven J. Miller

One of the broadest concepts of measurement in quantum theory is the generalized measurement. Another paradigm of measurement--arising naturally in quantum optics, among other fields--is that of continuous-time measurements, which can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Martin Varbanov , Todd A. Brun

Fourier-Dedekind sums are a generalization of Dedekind sums - important number-theoretical objects that arise in many areas of mathematics, including lattice point enumeration, signature defects of manifolds and pseudo random number…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2013-10-07 Emmanuel Tsukerman

Zeckendorf's Theorem says that for all $k \geq 3$, every nonnegative integer has a unique $k$-Zeckendorf representation as a sum of distinct $k$-bonacci numbers, where no $k$ consecutive $k$-bonacci numbers are present in the…

This paper establishes the theoretical foundations for the asymptotic separability of Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) in high dimensions by extending the classical Feldman-H\'ajek theorem. We first prove that a countable mixture of Gaussian…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Umberto Michelucci

It is well known that every positive integer can be expressed as a sum of nonconsecutive Fibonacci numbers provided the Fibonacci numbers satisfy $F_n =F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}$ for $n\geq 3$, $F_1 =1$ and $F_2 =2$. In this paper, for any…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-02-06 Daniel Gotshall , Pamela E. Harris , Dawn Nelson , Maria D. Vega , Cameron Voigt