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In this book, I introduce the basic concepts of Online Learning through the modern view of Online Convex Optimization. Here, online learning refers to the framework of regret minimization under worst-case assumptions. I present first-order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Francesco Orabona

We consider the decision-making framework of online convex optimization with a very large number of experts. This setting is ubiquitous in contextual and reinforcement learning problems, where the size of the policy class renders…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Elad Hazan , Karan Singh

We study online convex optimization in the random order model, recently proposed by \citet{garber2020online}, where the loss functions may be chosen by an adversary, but are then presented to the online algorithm in a uniformly random…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Uri Sherman , Tomer Koren , Yishay Mansour

Online gradient descent (OGD) is well known to be doubly optimal under strong convexity or monotonicity assumptions: (1) in the single-agent setting, it achieves an optimal regret of $\Theta(\log T)$ for strongly convex cost functions; and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Michael I. Jordan , Tianyi Lin , Zhengyuan Zhou

Mastering the game of Go has remained a long standing challenge to the field of AI. Modern computer Go systems rely on processing millions of possible future positions to play well, but intuitively a stronger and more 'humanlike' way to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-01-28 Christopher Clark , Amos Storkey

In online convex optimization, the player aims to minimize regret, or the difference between her loss and that of the best fixed decision in hindsight over the entire repeated game. Algorithms that minimize (standard) regret may converge to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Zhou Lu , Elad Hazan

This paper addresses an online convex optimization problem where the cost function at each step depends on a history of past decisions (i.e., memory), and the decision maker has access to limited predictions of future cost values within a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-29 Zhengmiao Wang , Zhi-Wei Liu , Ming Chi , Xiaoling Wang , Housheng Su , Lintao Ye

We review convergence and behavior of stochastic gradient descent for convex and nonconvex optimization, establishing various conditions for convergence to zero of the variance of the gradient of the objective function, and presenting a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-06 Kevin Buck , Jessica Babyak , Paolo Piersanti , Kevin Zumbrun , Christiane Gallos , Dorothea Gallos

We propose proximal backpropagation (ProxProp) as a novel algorithm that takes implicit instead of explicit gradient steps to update the network parameters during neural network training. Our algorithm is motivated by the step size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-21 Thomas Frerix , Thomas Möllenhoff , Michael Moeller , Daniel Cremers

To deal with changing environments, a new performance measure -- adaptive regret, defined as the maximum static regret over any interval, was proposed in online learning. Under the setting of online convex optimization, several algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Lijun Zhang , Guanghui Wang , Wei-Wei Tu , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Most of the literature on learning in games has focused on the restrictive setting where the underlying repeated game does not change over time. Much less is known about the convergence of no-regret learning algorithms in dynamic multiagent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ioannis Anagnostides , Ioannis Panageas , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

We consider online convex optimization with time-varying stage costs and additional switching costs. Since the switching costs introduce coupling across all stages, multi-step-ahead (long-term) predictions are incorporated to improve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Yingying Li , Na Li

The goal of this document is to provide a pedagogical introduction to the main concepts underpinning the training of deep neural networks using gradient descent; a process known as backpropagation. Although we focus on a very influential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Laurent Boué

This paper addresses the design and analysis of feedback-based online algorithms to control systems or networked systems based on performance objectives and engineering constraints that may evolve over time. The emerging time-varying convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-27 Andrey Bernstein , Emiliano Dall'Anese , Andrea Simonetto

In this paper, we aim at providing an introduction to the gradient descent based optimization algorithms for learning deep neural network models. Deep learning models involving multiple nonlinear projection layers are very challenging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Jiawei Zhang

A candidate explanation of the good empirical performance of deep neural networks is the implicit regularization effect of first order optimization methods. Inspired by this, we prove a convergence theorem for nonconvex composite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Dávid Terjék , Diego González-Sánchez

We provide several applications of Optimistic Mirror Descent, an online learning algorithm based on the idea of predictable sequences. First, we recover the Mirror Prox algorithm for offline optimization, prove an extension to Holder-smooth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-11-11 Alexander Rakhlin , Karthik Sridharan

Regret minimization is a general approach to online optimization which plays a crucial role in many algorithms for approximating Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum games. The literature mainly focuses on solving individual games in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-29 David Sychrovský , Martin Schmid , Michal Šustr , Michael Bowling

This paper presents the input convex neural network architecture. These are scalar-valued (potentially deep) neural networks with constraints on the network parameters such that the output of the network is a convex function of (some of)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-15 Brandon Amos , Lei Xu , J. Zico Kolter

In this paper, we consider the problem of distributed online convex optimization, where a group of agents collaborate to track the global minimizers of a sum of time-varying objective functions in an online manner. Specifically, we propose…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-14 Yan Zhang , Robert J. Ravier , Vahid Tarokh , Michael M. Zavlanos