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Long-distance optical quantum channels are necessarily lossy, leading to errors in transmitted quantum information, entanglement degradation and, ultimately, poor protocol performance. Quantum states carrying information in the channel can…

Using 2 km of standard telecom optical fibres, we teleport qubits carried by photons of 1310 nm wavelength to qubits in another lab carried by a photons of 1550 nm wavelength. The photons to be teleported and the necessary entangled photon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 N. Gisin , I. Marcikic , H. de Riedmatten , W. Tittel , H. Zbinden

We present a physical- and link-level design for the creation of entangled pairs to be used in quantum repeater applications where one can control the noise level of the initially distributed pairs. The system can tune dynamically, trading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 W. J. Munro , R. Van Meter , Sebastien G. R. Louis , Kae Nemoto

Quantum networks (QNs) are a promising platform for secure communications, enhanced sensing, and efficient distributed quantum computing. However, due to the fragile nature of quantum states, these networks face significant challenges in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Mahdi Chehimi , Shahrooz Pouryousef , Nitish K. Panigrahy , Don Towsley , Walid Saad

As quantum key distribution becomes increasingly practical, questions of how to effectively employ it in large-scale networks and over large distances becomes increasingly important. To that end, in this work, we model the performance of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-03 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec , Bing Wang

Quantum repeaters are necessary to fully realize the capabilities of the emerging quantum internet, especially applications involving distributing entanglement across long distances. A more general notion of this can be called a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Ian Tillman , Thirupathaiah Vasantam , Don Towsley , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

Quantum repeaters constitute a promising platform for enabling long distance quantum communication and may ultimately serve as the backbone of a secure quantum internet, a scalable quantum network, or a distributed quantum computer. An…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 S. Nibedita Swain , Timothy C. Ralph

This article explores the application of coding techniques for fault-tolerant quantum computation and extends their usage to fault-tolerant quantum communication. We review repeater-based quantum networks, emphasizing the roles of coding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-08 Ching-Yi Lai , Kao-Yueh Kuo

Major obstacles against efficient long distance quantum communication are photon losses during transmission and the probabilistic nature of Bell measurement causing exponential scaling in time and resource with distance. To overcome these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-05 Seung-Woo Lee , Timothy C. Ralph , Hyunseok Jeong

Quantum networks, integrating quantum communication, quantum metrology, and distributed quantum computing, could provide secure and efficient information transfer, high-resolution sensing, and an exponential speed-up in information…

Quantum repeaters are pivotal in the physical layer of the quantum internet. For its development, quantum repeaters capable of efficient entanglement distribution are necessary. Quantum repeater schemes based on single-photon interference…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-18 Daisuke Yoshida , Tomoyuki Horikiri

We show how to create practical, efficient, quantum repeaters, employing double-photon guns, for long-distance optical quantum communication. The guns create polarization-entangled photon pairs on demand. One such source might be a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Pieter Kok , Colin P. Williams , Jonathan P. Dowling

We present an encoded hybrid quantum repeater scheme using qubit-repetition and Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes. For the case of repetition codes, we propose an explicit implementation of the quantum error-correction protocol. Moreover, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-19 Nadja K. Bernardes , Peter van Loock

A potential quantum internet would open up the possibility of realizing numerous new applications, including provably secure communication. Since losses of photons limit long-distance, direct quantum communication and widespread quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-18 Daniel Miller , Timo Holz , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

The quantum repeater cell is a basic building block for a quantum network, as it allows to overcome the distance limitations due to unavoidable fiber loss in direct transmission. We demonstrate the implementation of a quantum repeater cell,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Max Bergerhoff , Omar Elshehy , Stephan Kucera , Matthias Kreis , Jürgen Eschner

We investigate secret key rates for the quantum repeater using encoding [L. Jiang et al., Phys. Rev. A 79, 032325 (2009)] and compare them to the standard repeater scheme by Briegel, D\"ur, Cirac, and Zoller. The former scheme has the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-25 Sylvia Bratzik , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

In the absence of quantum repeaters, quantum communication proved to be nearly impossible across optical fibres longer than $\gtrsim 20\text{ km}$ due to the drop of transmissivity below the critical threshold of $1/2$. However, if the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-29 Francesco Anna Mele , Ludovico Lami , Vittorio Giovannetti

The field of quantum communications promises the faithful distribution of quantum information, quantum entanglement, and absolutely secret keys, however, the highest rates of these tasks are fundamentally limited by the transmission…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-18 Matthew S. Winnel , Joshua J. Guanzon , Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Timothy C. Ralph

Advances in single photon creation, transmission, and detection suggest that sending quantum information over optical fibers may have losses low enough to be correctable using a quantum error correcting code. Such error-corrected…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-21 Andrew N. Glaudell , Edo Waks , Jacob M. Taylor

Quantum repeaters are indispensable tools for long-distance quantum communication. However, frequency matching between entangled photon sources and remote quantum memories (QMs) is difficult, which is an obstacle to the implementation of…