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Quantum key distribution allows for the generation of a secret key between distant parties connected by a quantum channel such as optical fibre or free space. Unfortunately, the rate of generation of a secret key by direct transmission is…

Quantum communication relies on the existence of entanglement between two nodes of a network. However, due to its fragile nature, it is nearly impossible to establish entanglement at large distances through the direct transmission of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-18 Sowmitra Das , Md. Saifur Rahman , Mahbub Majumdar

To realize long-distance quantum communication, it is crucial to design quantum repeater architectures that can deal with transmission losses and operational errors. Code concatenation of photonic graph codes is a promising way to achieve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-16 Love Pettersson , Anders S. Sørensen

Quantum communication enables the implementation of tasks that are unachievable with classical resources. However, losses on the communication channel preclude the direct long-distance transmission of quantum information in many relevant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-02 Boxi Li , Tim Coopmans , David Elkouss

Quantum information degrades over distance due to the unavoidable imperfections of the transmission channels, with loss as the leading factor. This simple fact hinders quantum communication, as it relies on propagating quantum systems. A…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-29 Filippo M. Miatto , Michael Epping , Norbert Lutkenhaus

Quantum repeaters have long been established to be essential for distributing entanglement over long distances. Consequently, their experimental realization constitutes a core challenge of quantum communication. However, there are numerous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-04 Julius Wallnöfer , Frederik Hahn , Fabian Wiesner , Nathan Walk , Jens Eisert

We propose a new approach to implement quantum repeaters for long distance quantum communication. Our protocol generates a backbone of encoded Bell pairs and uses the procedure of classical error correction during simultaneous entanglement…

We consider quantum and private communications assisted by repeaters, from the basic scenario of a single repeater chain to the general case of an arbitrarily-complex quantum network, where systems may be routed through single or multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-17 Stefano Pirandola

We investigate quantum repeater protocols based upon atomic qubit-entanglement distribution through optical coherent-state communication. Various measurement schemes for an optical mode entangled with two spatially separated atomic qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-14 Peter van Loock , Norbert Lütkenhaus , W. J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

Long-distance quantum communication via distant pairs of entangled quantum bits (qubits) is the first step towards more secure message transmission and distributed quantum computing. To date, the most promising proposals require quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 O. A. Collins , S. D. Jenkins , A. Kuzmich , T. A. B. Kennedy

There are various approaches to long-range quantum communication based on conceptually different forms of quantum repeaters. Here we explore a quantum repeater scheme that employs quantum error correction (QEC) both on the flying (light)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Stefan Häussler , Peter van Loock

Developing and deploying advanced Quantum Repeater (QR) technologies will be necessary to scale quantum networks to longer distances. Depending on the error mitigation mechanisms adopted to suppress loss and errors, QRs are typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Chuen Hei Chan , Charu Jain , Ezra Kissel , Wenji Wu , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou , Inder Monga

Quantum communications promises reliable transmission of quantum information, efficient distribution of entanglement and generation of completely secure keys. For all these tasks, we need to determine the optimal point-to-point rates that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-27 Stefano Pirandola , Riccardo Laurenza , Carlo Ottaviani , Leonardo Banchi

The rate at which quantum communication tasks can be performed using direct transmission is fundamentally hindered by the channel loss. Quantum repeaters allow, in principle, to overcome these limitations, but their introduction necessarily…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Kenneth Goodenough , David Elkouss , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum communication holds promise for unconditionally secure transmission of secret messages and faithful transfer of unknown quantum states. Photons appear to be the medium of choice for quantum communication. Owing to photon losses,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-12 Koji Azuma , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Hoi-Kwong Lo

In quantum mechanics, a fundamental law prevents quantum communications to simultaneously achieve high rates and long distances. This limitation is well known for point-to-point protocols, where two parties are directly connected by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-06 Stefano Pirandola

In order for quantum communications systems to become widely used, it will probably be necessary to develop quantum repeaters that can extend the range of quantum key distribution systems and correct for errors in the transmission of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. D. Franson , B. C. Jacobs , T. B. Pittman

Quantum repeaters create long-distance entanglement between quantum systems while overcoming difficulties such as the attenuation of single photons in a fiber. Recently, an implementation of a repeater protocol based on single qubits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-03 L. Jiang , J. M. Taylor , M. D. Lukin

Quantum relays are central to both quantum communication and distributed quantum computing, enabling long-distance transmission and modular architectures. Unlike classical repeaters, quantum repeaters preserve coherence without amplifying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Yigal Ilin , Uzi Pereg

We evaluate the performance of two-way quantum repeater chains with sequential entanglement swapping. Within the analysis we consider memory decoherence, gate imperfections, and imperfect link-level entanglement generation. Our main results…