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Learning with Errors (LWE) is a hard math problem used in post-quantum cryptography. Homomorphic Encryption (HE) schemes rely on the hardness of the LWE problem for their security, and two LWE-based cryptosystems were recently standardized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Cathy Yuanchen Li , Emily Wenger , Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Francois Charton , Kristin Lauter

We prove that the Ring Learning With Errors (RLWE) and the Polynomial Learning With Errors (PLWE) problems over the cyclotomic field $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_n)$ are not equivalent. Precisely, we show that reducing one problem to the other…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-13 Antonio J. Di Scala , Carlo Sanna , Edoardo Signorini

We describe a decisional attack against a version of the PLWE problem in which the samples are taken from a certain proper subring of large dimension of the cyclotomic ring $\mathbb{F}_q[x]/(\Phi_{p^k}(x))$ with $k>1$ in the case where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Iván Blanco-Chacón , Raúl Durán-Díaz , Rahinatou Yuh Njah Nchiwo , Beatriz Barbero-Lucas

Learning with Errors is one of the fundamental problems in computational learning theory and has in the last years become the cornerstone of post-quantum cryptography. In this work, we study the quantum sample complexity of Learning with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 Alex B. Grilo , Iordanis Kerenidis , Timo Zijlstra

In this paper, we propose an encrypted dynamic controller that executes an unlimited number of recursive homomorphic multiplications on a Ring Learning With Errors (Ring-LWE) based cryptosystem without bootstrapping. The proposed controller…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Yeongjun Jang , Joowon Lee , Seonhong Min , Hyesun Kwak , Junsoo Kim , Yongsoo Song

In this work, we consider the problem of learning one hidden layer ReLU neural networks with inputs from $\mathbb{R}^d$. We show that this learning problem is hard under standard cryptographic assumptions even when: (1) the size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Shuchen Li , Ilias Zadik , Manolis Zampetakis

We present a quantum attack on ML-KEM and related 2-power cyclotomic lattice schemes. Combining with Parts I-III, we provide an algorithm and verify the resulting approximation factor satisfies $\gamma\le 21 < q/2=1664.5$ for ML-KEM-1024,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Ming-Xing Luo

We generalize the polynomial Szemer\'{e}di theorem to intersective polynomials over the ring of integers of an algebraic number field, by which we mean polynomials having a common root modulo every ideal. This leads to the existence of new…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2014-09-29 Vitaly Bergelson , Donald Robertson

Learning with Errors (LWE) is a hard math problem underpinning many proposed post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) systems. The only PQC Key Exchange Mechanism (KEM) standardized by NIST is based on module~LWE, and current publicly available PQ…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Cathy Li , Jana Sotáková , Emily Wenger , Mohamed Malhou , Evrard Garcelon , Francois Charton , Kristin Lauter

We discuss the advantages and limitations of cyclotomic fields to have fast polynomial arithmetic within homomorphic encryption, and show how these limitations can be overcome by replacing cyclotomic fields by a family that we refer to as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Iván Blanco-Chacón , Alberto Pedrouzo-Ulloa , Rahinatou Yuh Njah Nchiwo , Beatriz Barbero-Lucas

This is a survey on some topics in Lattice based cryptography and Homomorphic Encryption. In particular, we define some lattice problems, LWE and RLWE, and state the reductions given by Regev and Peikert. We also give a full treatment of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Vir Pathak

Currently deployed public-key cryptosystems will be vulnerable to attacks by full-scale quantum computers. Consequently, "quantum resistant" cryptosystems are in high demand, and lattice-based cryptosystems, based on a hard problem known as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Emily Wenger , Mingjie Chen , François Charton , Kristin Lauter

We propose and justify a generalised approach to prove the polynomial reduction of the RLWE to the PLWE problem attached to the ring of integers of a monogenic number field. We prove such equivalence in the case of the maximal totally real…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-04-07 Iván Blanco-Chacón

Multidimensional signals like 2-D and 3-D images or videos are inherently sensitive signals which require privacy-preserving solutions when processed in untrustworthy environments, but their efficient encrypted processing is particularly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-05 Alberto Pedrouzo-Ulloa , Juan Ramón Troncoso-Pastoriza , Fernando Pérez-González

Previous research on exceptional units has primarily focused on the ring of rational integers or abstract finite rings, often restricted to linear or quadratic constraints. In this paper, we extend the concept of polynomial-type exceptional…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-07 Chen Lin , Kaihan Tang

We propose a multi-bit leveled fully homomorphic encryption scheme using multivariate polynomial evaluations. The security of the scheme depends on the hardness of the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem. For homomorphic multiplication, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Uddipana Dowerah , Srinivasan Krishnaswamy

The Rank metric decoding problem is the main problem considered in cryptography based on codes in the rank metric. Very efficient schemes based on this problem or quasi-cyclic versions of it have been proposed recently, such as those in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Magali Bardet , Pierre Briaud , Maxime Bros , Philippe Gaborit , Vincent Neiger , Olivier Ruatta , Jean-Pierre Tillich

We introduce a continuous analogue of the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem, which we name CLWE. We give a polynomial-time quantum reduction from worst-case lattice problems to CLWE, showing that CLWE enjoys similar hardness guarantees to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Joan Bruna , Oded Regev , Min Jae Song , Yi Tang

Whilst lattice-based cryptosystems are believed to be resistant to quantum attack, they are often forced to pay for that security with inefficiencies in implementation. This problem is overcome by ring- and module-based schemes such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Christian Porter , Andrew Mendelsohn , Cong Ling

We report on a recent implementation of Giesbrecht's algorithm for factoring polynomials in a skew-polynomial ring. We also discuss the equivalence between factoring polynomials in a skew-polynomial ring and decomposing $p^s$-polynomials…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2016-11-15 Robert S. Coulter , George Havas , Marie Henderson