Related papers: Hidden Momentum in a moving Capacitor
Hidden momentum is a puzzling phenomenon associated with magnetic dipoles and other extended relativistic systems. We point out that the origin of hidden momentum lies in the effective change of individual particle masses of a composite…
As an illustration of the concept of "hidden" mechanical momentum, we consider a coaxial cable one end of which is connected to a battery and the other to a load resistor. The nonzero electromagnetic momentum of this configuration is…
Whereas nonrelativistic mechanics always connects the total momentum of a system to the motion of the center of mass, relativistic systems, such as interacting electromagnetic charges, can have internal linear momentum in the absence of…
Consider two capacitors in parallel, but initially isolated by a switch such that one is charged and the other not. After the switch is closed, the charges redistribute themselves in such a way that the final electrostatic energy is less…
A model is constructed and a paradox concerning the proper direction and magnitude of the external force to maintain the equilibrium state of a parallel plate capacitor system is raised. By a thorough study of the model using different…
Quantifying the flow of energy within and through fluctuating nanoscale systems poses a significant challenge to understanding microscopic biological machines. A common approach involves coarse-graining, which allows a simplified…
We consider the positions and velocities of electrons and spinning nuclei and demonstrate that these particles harbour hidden momentum when located in an electromagnetic field. This hidden momentum is present in all atoms and molecules,…
A model calculation using the Darwin Lagrangian is carried out for a magnet consisting of two current-carrying charges constrained by centripetal forces to move in a circular path in the presence of the electric field from a distant…
By using perturbation theory, we show that a hydrogen atom with magnetic moment due to the orbital angular momentum of the electron has "hidden momentum" in the presence of an external electric field. This means that the atomic electronic…
The dynamics of a liquid dielectric attracted by a vertical cylindrical capacitor is studied. Contrary to what might be expected from the standard calculation of the force exerted by the capacitor, the motion of the dielectric is different…
The interaction of a point charge and a magnetic moment (and by extension a point charge and a solenoid) is explored within well-defined point-charge magnetic-moment models where full calculations are possible. It is shown explicitly how…
During internal discharge (electrical breakdown by field emission transmission) thin symmetric capacitors accelerate slightly towards the anode; an anomaly that does not appear obvious using standard physics. Various thicknesses of…
Slow conductance relaxations are observable in a many condensed matter systems. These are sometimes described as manifestations of a glassy phase. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the slow dynamics are often due to structural…
The tight connection between mass and energy unveiled by Special Relativity, summarized by the iconic formula $E = mc^2$, has revolutionized our understanding of nature and even shaped our political world over the past century through its…
In 1967 Shockley and James addressed the situation of a magnet in an electric field. The magnet is at rest and contains electromagnetic momentum, but there was no obvious mechanical momentum to balance this for momentum conservation. They…
In moving electromagnetic systems, electromagnetic momentum calculated from the vector potential is shown to be proportional to the field energy of the system. The momentum thus obtained is shown actually to be the same as derived from a…
We consider a cylindrical metallic magnet that is set into rotation about a horizontal axis by a falling mass. In such a system the magnetic field will cause a radial current which is non-solenoidal. This leads to charge accumulation and a…
The origin of electromagnetic momentum for general static charge-current distributions is examined. The electromagnetic momentum for static electromagnetic fields is derived by implementing conservation of momentum for the sum of mechanical…
A new force on the magnetic dipole, which exists in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields, is described. Its origin due to the `hidden momentum', implications and possible experimental tests are discussed.
It is shown that the famous paradox of two charged capacitors is successfully resolved if all the energy changes in the system are properly considered when some of the charges are transferred from one capacitor to the other. It happens so…