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Demand flexibility is increasingly important for power grids. Careful coordination of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can modulate energy demand, decrease operating costs, and increase grid resiliency. We propose a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-09 Bingqing Chen , Jonathan Francis , Marco Pritoni , Soummya Kar , Mario Bergés

Governments are motivated to subsidize profit-driven firms that manufacture zero-emission vehicles to ensure they become price-competitive. This paper introduces a dynamic Stackelberg game to determine the government's optimal subsidy…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-21 Utsav Sadana , Georges Zaccour

Mobile data offloading is an emerging technology to avoid congestion in cellular networks and improve the level of user satisfaction. In this paper, we develop a distributed market framework to price the offloading service, and conduct a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-09-17 Kehao Wang , Francis C. M. Lau , Lin Chen , Robert Schober

The increasing integration of renewable energy introduces a great challenge to the supply and demand balance of the power grid. To address this challenge, this paper formulates a Stackelberg Markov game (SMG) between an aggregator and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-17 Siying Huang , Yifen Mu , Ge Chen

This contribution deals with a two-level discrete decision problem, a so-called Stackelberg strategic game: A Subset Sum setting is addressed with a set $N$ of items with given integer weights. One distinguished player, the leader, may…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-01-12 Ulrich Pferschy , Gaia Nicosia , Andrea Pacifici

Solving feedback Stackelberg games with nonlinear dynamics and coupled constraints, a common scenario in practice, presents significant challenges. This work introduces an efficient method for computing approximate local feedback…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-03 Jingqi Li , Somayeh Sojoudi , Claire Tomlin , David Fridovich-Keil

We consider the problem of efficiently learning to play single-leader multi-follower Stackelberg games when the leader lacks knowledge of the lower-level game. Such games arise in hierarchical decision-making problems involving…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Anna Maddux , Marko Maljkovic , Nikolas Geroliminis , Maryam Kamgarpour

Peer-to-peer(P2P) energy trading may increase efficiency and reduce costs, but introduces significant challenges for network operators such as maintaining grid reliability, accounting for network losses, and redistributing costs equitably.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-01 Varsha N. Behrunani , Philipp Heer , Roy S. Smith , John Lygeros

In this paper, we present some controllability results for the heat equation in the framework of hierarchic control. We present a Stackelberg strategy combining the concept of controllability with robustness: the main control (the leader)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-20 Víctor Hernández-Santamaría , Liliana Peralta

The multilevel reverse Stackelberg game is considered. In this game, the leader controls the outcome by announcing a strategy as a function of decision variables of the followers to his/her own decision space. Corresponding to the leader's…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-01 Seyfe Belete Worku , Birilew Belayneh Tsegaw , Semu Mitiku Kassa

This paper investigates a robust incentive Stackelberg stochastic differential game problem for a linear-quadratic mean field system, where the model uncertainty appears in the drift term of the leader's state equation. Moreover, both the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Na Xiang , Jingtao Shi

A collection of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) -- such as air conditioners and water heaters -- can vary their power consumption within limits to help the balancing authority of a power grid maintain demand supply balance. Doing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-13 Austin Coffman , Ana Bušić , Prabir Barooah

This paper presents a convex reformulation of a nonlinear constrained optimization problem for Markov decision processes, and applies the technical findings to optimal control problems for an ensemble of thermostatically controlled loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-27 Emilio Benenati , Marcello Colombino , Emiliano Dall'Anese

Safe and efficient autonomous driving in dense traffic is fundamentally a decentralized multi-agent coordination problem, where interactions at conflict points such as merging and weaving must be resolved reliably under partial…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Xiaotong Zhang , Gang Xiong , Yuanjing Wang , Siyu Teng , Alois Knoll , Long Chen

In this study, a cooperative game model is presented to schedule the day-ahead operation of multi-microgrid (MMG) systems. In the proposed model, microgrids are scheduled to achieve a global optimum for the cost of the multi-microgrid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-11 Mohadese Movahednia , Hamid Karimi , Shahram Jadid

Interactions among selfish users sharing a common transmission channel can be modeled as a non-cooperative game using the game theory framework. When selfish users choose their transmission probabilities independently without any…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-05-31 Jaeok Park , Mihaela van der Schaar

The integration of distributed energy resources into transmission grid operations presents a complex challenge, particularly in the context of reactive power procurement for voltage support. This paper addresses this challenge by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-13 Zhisen Jiang , Saverio Bolognani , Giuseppe Belgioioso

The Stackelberg equilibrium solution concept describes optimal strategies to commit to: Player 1 (termed the leader) publicly commits to a strategy and Player 2 (termed the follower) plays a best response to this strategy (ties are broken…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Branislav Bosansky , Simina Branzei , Kristoffer Arnsfelt Hansen , Peter Bro Miltersen , Troels Bjerre Sorensen

Demand-side management is very critical in China's energy systems because of its high fossil energy consumption and low system energy efficiency. A building shape factor is introduced in describing the architectural characteristics of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-30 Limeng Wang , Ranran Yang , Yang Qu , Chengzhe Xu

Stackelberg games have been widely used to model interactive decision-making problems in a variety of domains such as energy systems, transportation, cybersecurity, and human-robot interaction. However, existing algorithms for solving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-14 Yansong Li , Shuo Han