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ZX-calculus is graphical language for quantum computing which usually focuses on qubits. In this paper, we generalise qubit ZX-calculus to qudit ZX-calculus in any finite dimension by introducing suitable generators, especially a carefully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-20 Quanlong Wang

The ZX-calculus is a powerful diagrammatic language for quantum mechanics and quantum information processing. We prove that its \pi/4-fragment is not complete, in other words the ZX-calculus is not complete for the so called "Clifford+T…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-11 Simon Perdrix , Quanlong Wang

We find a sufficient set of equations between quantum circuits from which we can derive any other equation between stabilizer quantum circuits. To establish this result, we rely upon existing work on the completeness of the graphical ZX…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-23 André Ranchin , Bob Coecke

The ZX-Calculus is a graphical language for quantum mechanics. An axiomatisation has recently been proven to be complete for an approximatively universal fragment of quantum mechanics, the so-called Clifford+T fragment. We focus here on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-26 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

The ZX-Calculus is a powerful graphical language for quantum mechanics and quantum information processing. The completeness of the language -- i.e. the ability to derive any true equation -- is a crucial question. In the quest of a complete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-27 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart , Quanlong Wang

There are various gate sets used for describing quantum computation. A particularly popular one consists of Clifford gates and arbitrary single-qubit phase gates. Computations in this gate set can be elegantly described by the ZX-calculus,…

The ZX-calculus is an algebraic formalism that allows quantum computations to be simplified via a small number of simple graphical rewrite rules. Recently, it was shown that, when combined with a family of "sum-over-Cliffords" techniques,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Matthew Sutcliffe , Aleks Kissinger

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about quantum computation that has recently seen an increased usage in a variety of areas such as quantum circuit optimisation, surface codes and lattice surgery, measurement-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-29 John van de Wetering

The ZX-calculus was introduced as a graphical language able to represent specific quantum primitives in an intuitive way. The recent completeness results have shown the theoretical possibility of a purely graphical description of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-14 Titouan Carette , Yohann D'Anello , Simon Perdrix

Finite-dimensional quantum theory serves as the theoretical foundation for quantum information and computation. Mathematically, it is formalized in the category FHilb, comprising all finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and linear maps between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Quanlong Wang , Boldizsár Poór , Razin A. Shaikh

We present a smorgasbord of results on the stabiliser ZX-calculus for odd prime-dimensional qudits (i.e. qupits). We derive a simplified rule set that closely resembles the original rules of qubit ZX-calculus. Using these rules, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-01 Boldizsár Poór , Robert I. Booth , Titouan Carette , John van de Wetering , Lia Yeh

Quantum Error-Correcting Codes (QECCs) play a crucial role in enhancing the robustness of quantum computing and communication systems against errors. Within the realm of QECCs, stabilizer codes, and specifically graph codes, stand out for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-29 Zipeng Wu , Song Cheng , Bei Zeng

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about ZX-diagrams, a type of tensor networks that can represent arbitrary linear maps between qubits. Using the ZX-calculus, we can intuitively reason about quantum theory, and optimise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-04 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

The ZH-calculus is a graphical calculus for linear maps between qubits that allows a natural representation of the Toffoli+Hadamard gate set. The original version of the calculus, which allows every generator to be labelled by an arbitrary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-17 John van de Wetering , Sal Wolffs

We introduce a ZX-like diagrammatic language devoted to manipulating real matrices - and rebits -, with its own set of axioms. We prove the necessity of some non trivial axioms of these. We show that some restriction of the language is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-05 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

Recent developments in the ZX-Calculus have resulted in complete axiomatisations first for an approximately universal restriction of the language, and then for the whole language. The main drawbacks were that the axioms that were added to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-24 Renaud Vilmart

Recent completeness results on the ZX-Calculus used a third-party language, namely the ZW-Calculus. As a consequence, these proofs are elegant, but sadly non-constructive. We address this issue in the following. To do so, we first describe…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-15 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about quantum computation using ZX-diagrams, a certain flexible generalisation of quantum circuits that can be used to represent linear maps from $m$ to $n$ qubits for any $m,n \geq 0$.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 Niel de Beaudrap , Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

We introduce the first complete and approximatively universal diagrammatic language for quantum mechanics. We make the ZX-Calculus, a diagrammatic language introduced by Coecke and Duncan, complete for the so-called Clifford+T quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-26 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

Quantum computing is an emerging computational paradigm with the potential to outperform classical computers in solving a variety of problems. To achieve this, quantum programs are typically represented as quantum circuits, which must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Valter Uotila , Cong Yu , Bo Zhao