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When estimating causal effects from observational data with numerous covariates, employing penalized covariate selection can improve the estimation efficiency. Outcome-oriented covariate selection, which involves selecting covariates…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-14 Wataru Hongo , Shuji Ando , Jun Tsuchida , Takashi Sozu

When making causal inferences, post-treatment confounders complicate analyses of time-varying treatment effects. Conditioning on these variables naively to estimate marginal effects may inappropriately block causal pathways and may induce…

Applications · Statistics 2019-04-02 Xiang Zhou , Geoffrey T. Wodtke

Baseline covariates in randomized experiments are often used in the estimation of treatment effects, for example, when estimating treatment effects within covariate-defined subgroups. In practice, however, covariate values may be missing…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-29 Gauri Kamat , Jerome P. Reiter

Estimation of average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) is an important topic of causal inference in econometrics and statistics. This problem seems to be often treated as a simple modification or extension of that of estimating…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-07 Heng Shu , Zhiqiang Tan

Selection bias can hinder accurate estimation of association parameters in binary disease risk models using non-probability samples like electronic health records (EHRs). The issue is compounded when participants are recruited from multiple…

Marginal structural models (MSMs) are commonly used to estimate causal intervention effects in longitudinal non-randomised studies. A common issue when analysing data from observational studies is the presence of incomplete confounder data,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-12-02 Clemence Leyrat , James R Carpenter , Sebastien Bailly , Elizabeth J Willamson

In pharmacoepidemiology, safety and effectiveness are frequently evaluated using readily available administrative and electronic health records data. In these settings, detailed confounder data are often not available in all data sources…

In randomized controlled trials, adjusting for baseline covariates is often applied to improve the precision of treatment effect estimation. However, missingness in covariates is common. Recently, Zhao & Ding (2022) studied two simple…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-28 Yilin Song , James P. Hughes , Ting Ye

Augmented inverse probability weighting and G-computation with canonical generalized linear models have become increasingly popular for estimating average treatment effects (ATEs) in randomized experiments. These methods leverage outcome…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-13 Muluneh Alene , Stijn Vansteelandt , Kelly Van Lancker

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) may suffer from limited scope. In particular, samples may be unrepresentative: some RCTs over- or under- sample individuals with certain characteristics compared to the target population, for which one…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-15 Bénédicte Colnet , Julie Josse , Gaël Varoquaux , Erwan Scornet

Evaluating causal effects in the presence of interference is challenging in network-based studies of hard-to-reach populations. Like many such populations, people who inject drugs (PWID) are embedded in social networks and often exert…

Inverse propensity weighting (IPW) is a popular method for estimating treatment effects from observational data. However, its correctness relies on the untestable (and frequently implausible) assumption that all confounders have been…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-04 Jacob Dorn , Kevin Guo

Case-control studies are designed towards studying associations between risk factors and a single, primary outcome. Information about additional, secondary outcomes is also collected, but association studies targeting such secondary…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-07-17 Tamar Sofer , Marilyn C. Cornelis , Peter Kraft , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

We address estimation of intervention effects in experimental designs in which (a) interventions are assigned at the cluster level; (b) clusters are selected to form pairs, matched on observed characteristics; and (c) intervention is…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-11-24 Zhenke Wu , Constantine E. Frangakis , Thomas A. Louis , Daniel O. Scharfstein

In precision medicine, one of the most important problems is estimating the optimal individualized treatment rules (ITR), which typically involves recommending treatment decisions based on fully observed individual characteristics of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-15 Yue Zhang , Shanshan Luo , Zhi Geng , Yangbo He

Population adjustment methods such as matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) are increasingly used to compare marginal treatment effects when there are cross-trial differences in effect modifiers and limited patient-level data. MAIC…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-12 Antonio Remiro-Azócar , Anna Heath , Gianluca Baio

In the analysis of observational studies, inverse probability weighting (IPW) is commonly used to consistently estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) or the average treatment effect in the treated (ATT). The variance of the IPW ATE…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-25 Sarah A. Reifeis , Michael G. Hudgens

We focus on the problem of generalizing a causal effect estimated on a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to a target population described by a set of covariates from observational data. Available methods such as inverse propensity sampling…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-27 Imke Mayer , Julie Josse , Traumabase Group

The cause of failure in cohort studies that involve competing risks is frequently incompletely observed. To address this, several methods have been proposed for the semiparametric proportional cause-specific hazards model under a missing at…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-24 Giorgos Bakoyannis , Ying Zhang , Constantin T. Yiannoutsos

Interference occurs when the potential outcomes of a unit depend on the treatment of others. Interference can be highly heterogeneous, where treating certain individuals might have a larger effect on the population's overall outcome. A…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-11 Samantha G Dean , Georgia Papadogeorgou , Laura Forastiere