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Designing efficient exploration is central to Reinforcement Learning due to the fundamental problem posed by the exploration-exploitation dilemma. Bayesian exploration strategies like Thompson Sampling resolve this trade-off in a principled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Rong Zhu , Mattia Rigotti

Generative modeling builds on and substantially advances the classical idea of simulating synthetic data from observed samples. This paper shows that this principle is not only natural but also theoretically well-founded for bootstrap…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-20 Leon Tran , Ting Ye , Peng Ding , Fang Han

A fundamental challenge for any intelligent system is prediction: given some inputs, can you predict corresponding outcomes? Most work on supervised learning has focused on producing accurate marginal predictions for each input. However, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Zheng Wen , Ian Osband , Chao Qin , Xiuyuan Lu , Morteza Ibrahimi , Vikranth Dwaracherla , Mohammad Asghari , Benjamin Van Roy

This paper introduces smoothed pseudo-population bootstrap methods for the purposes of variance estimation and the construction of confidence intervals for finite population quantiles. In an i.i.d. context, it has been shown that resampling…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-30 Vanessa McNealis , Christian Léger

Nested sampling is a powerful approach to Bayesian inference ultimately limited by the computationally demanding task of sampling from a heavily constrained probability distribution. An effective algorithm in its own right, Hamiltonian…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-03-02 M. J. Betancourt

Drawing a sample from a discrete distribution is one of the building components for Monte Carlo methods. Like other sampling algorithms, discrete sampling suffers from the high computational burden in large-scale inference problems. We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-04-29 Yutian Chen , Zoubin Ghahramani

This paper investigates the theoretical underpinnings of two fundamental statistical inference problems, the construction of confidence sets and large-scale simultaneous hypothesis testing, in the presence of heavy-tailed data. With…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-03-19 Xi Chen , Wen-Xin Zhou

Bootstrapping is a powerful statistical resampling technique for estimating the sampling distribution of an estimator. However, its computational cost becomes prohibitive for large datasets or a high number of resamples. This paper presents…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Di Zhang

We study the real-valued combinatorial pure exploration of the multi-armed bandit (R-CPE-MAB) problem. In R-CPE-MAB, a player is given $d$ stochastic arms, and the reward of each arm $s\in\{1, \ldots, d\}$ follows an unknown distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Shintaro Nakamura , Masashi Sugiyama

Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and synthetic likelihood (SL) techniques have enabled the use of Bayesian inference for models that may be simulated, but for which the likelihood cannot be evaluated pointwise at values of an unknown…

Computation · Statistics 2018-01-19 Richard G. Everitt

The exploration/exploitation (E&E) dilemma lies at the core of interactive systems such as online advertising, for which contextual bandit algorithms have been proposed. Bayesian approaches provide guided exploration with principled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Feiyang Pan , Haoming Li , Xiang Ao , Wei Wang , Yanrong Kang , Ao Tan , Qing He

We present a modular approach to reinforcement learning that uses a Bayesian representation of the uncertainty over models. The approach, BOSS (Best of Sampled Set), drives exploration by sampling multiple models from the posterior and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-05-14 John Asmuth , Lihong Li , Michael L. Littman , Ali Nouri , David Wingate

While experimental design often focuses on selecting the single best alternative from a finite set (e.g., in ranking and selection or best-arm identification), many pure-exploration problems pursue richer goals. Given a specific goal,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-28 Chao Qin , Wei You

The multi-armed bandit problem is a popular model for studying exploration/exploitation trade-off in sequential decision problems. Many algorithms are now available for this well-studied problem. One of the earliest algorithms, given by W.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-04-10 Shipra Agrawal , Navin Goyal

The multi-armed bandit(MAB) is a classical sequential decision problem. Most work requires assumptions about the reward distribution (e.g., bounded), while practitioners may have difficulty obtaining information about these distributions to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Han Qi , Fei Guo , Li Zhu

Reinforcement learning provides a framework for learning to control which actions to take towards completing a task through trial-and-error. In many applications observing interactions is costly, necessitating sample-efficient learning. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-04 Charles Gadd , Markus Heinonen , Harri Lähdesmäki , Samuel Kaski

Multi-armed bandit algorithms have been argued for decades as useful for adaptively randomized experiments. In such experiments, an algorithm varies which arms (e.g. alternative interventions to help students learn) are assigned to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Joseph Jay Williams , Jacob Nogas , Nina Deliu , Hammad Shaikh , Sofia S. Villar , Audrey Durand , Anna Rafferty

Generative flow networks (GFlowNets) are amortized variational inference algorithms that treat sampling from a distribution over compositional objects as a sequential decision-making problem with a learnable action policy. Unlike other…

Estimating nonlinear functionals of probability distributions from samples is a fundamental statistical problem. The "plug-in" estimator obtained by applying the target functional to the empirical distribution of samples is biased.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Florian Schäfer

While widely used as a general method for uncertainty quantification, the bootstrap method encounters difficulties that raise concerns about its validity in practical applications. This paper introduces a new resampling-based method, termed…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-30 Yiran Jiang , Chuanhai Liu , Heping Zhang