Related papers: What are Protoclusters? -- Defining High Redshift …
We have carried out follow-up spectroscopy on three overdense regions of $g$- and $r$-dropout galaxies in the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Deep Fields, finding two new protoclusters at $z=4.898$, 3.721 and a possible…
Present-day clusters are massive halos containing mostly quiescent galaxies, while distant protoclusters are extended structures containing numerous star-forming galaxies. We investigate the implications of this fundamental change in a…
We investigate galaxy evolution in protoclusters using a semi-analytic model applied to the Millennium Simulation, scaled to a Planck cosmology. We show that the model reproduces the observed behaviour of the star formation history (SFH)…
We study the characteristics of galaxy protoclusters using the latest L-galaxies semi-analytic model. Searching for protoclusters on a scale of $\sim 10 \, \mathrm{cMpc}$ gives an excellent compromise between the completeness and purity of…
We propose a new method for finding galaxy protoclusters that is motivated by structure formation theory and also directly applicable to observations. We adopt the conventional definition that a protocluster is a galaxy group whose virial…
We performed a systematic spectroscopic observation of a protocluster at $z=6.01$ in the Subaru Deep Field. We took spectroscopy for all 53 $i'$-dropout galaxies down to $z'=27.09\,\mathrm{mag}$ in/around the protocluster region. From these…
We present the spectroscopic confirmation of a $z=2.45$ proto-cluster. Its member galaxies lie within a radius of 1.4Mpc (physical) on the sky and within $\Delta v \pm 700$km/s along the line of sight. We estimate an overdensity of 10,…
We investigate the galaxy population in simulated proto-cluster regions using a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, coupled to merger trees extracted from N-body simulations. We select the most massive clusters at redshift $z=0$ from…
As the progenitors of present-day galaxy clusters, protoclusters are excellent laboratories to study galaxy evolution. Since existing observations of protoclusters are limited to the detected constituent galaxies at UV and/or infrared…
Galaxy clusters trace the largest structures of the Universe and provide ideal laboratories for studying galaxy evolution and cosmology. Clusters with extended X-ray emission have been discovered at redshifts up to z ~ 2.5. Meanwhile, there…
The study of galaxy protoclusters is beginning to fill in unknown details of the important phase of the assembly of clusters and cluster galaxies. This review describes the current status of this field and highlights promising recent…
For a complete picture of galaxy cluster formation, it is important that we start probing the early epoch of z~2-7 during which clusters and their galaxies first began to form. Because the study of these so-called "proto-clusters" is…
Protoclusters represent sites of accelerated galaxy formation and extreme astrophysical activity characteristic of dense environments. Identifying massive protoclusters and mapping their spatial structures are therefore crucial first steps…
Our understanding of the cosmic history of galaxy clusters has recently been enhanced due to an extensive series of observations including faint spectroscopic data (especially those obtained at the Keck Observatory), deep optical and NIR…
We have discovered a highly significant over-density of galaxies at z=2.300+/-0.015 in the course of a redshift survey designed to select star-forming galaxies in the redshift range z=2.3+/-0.4 in the field of the bright z=2.72 QSO…
Protoclusters, which will yield galaxy clusters at lower redshift, can provide valuable information on the formation of galaxy clusters. However, identifying progenitors of galaxy clusters in observations is not an easy task, especially at…
JWST has revealed an overabundance of apparent (`Coma'-like) cluster progenitors at $z>5$ that is $\sim$ two (300) times in excess of, and in $2.3\sigma$ ($4\sigma$) tension with, the number density of such objects at present day and…
We identify 42 candidate groups lying between 1.8<z<3.0 from a sample of 3502 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts in the zCOSMOS-deep redshift survey within the same redshift interval. These systems contain three to five spectroscopic…
We develop a method to identify proto-clusters based on dark matter halos represented by galaxy groups selected from surveys of galaxies at high redshift. We test the performance of this method on halos in N-body simulations, and find it…
Galaxy environment is frequently discussed, but inconsistently defined. It is especially difficult to measure at high redshift where only photometric redshifts are available. With a focus on early forming proto-clusters, we use a…