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We introduce and investigate the computational complexity of a novel physical problem known as the Pinball Wizard problem. It involves an idealized pinball moving through a maze composed of one-way gates (outswing doors), plane walls,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Rosemary Adejoh , Andreas Jakoby , Sneha Mohanty , Christian Schindelhauer

We prove that the quiver problem is NP complete.

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-06 Victor Kac , Bangzheng Li

We introduce a new family of one-player games, involving the movement of coins from one configuration to another. Moves are restricted so that a coin can be placed only in a position that is adjacent to at least two other coins. The goal of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Helena A. Verrill

We propose a new kind of sliding-block puzzle, called Gourds, where the objective is to rearrange 1 x 2 pieces on a hexagonal grid board of 2n + 1 cells with n pieces, using sliding, turning and pivoting moves. This puzzle has a single…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Joep Hamersma , Marc van Kreveld , Yushi Uno , Tom C. van der Zanden

Burke and Teng introduced a two-player combinatorial game Atropos based on Sperner's lemma, and showed that deciding whether one has a winning strategy for Atropos is PSPACE-complete. In the original Atropos game, the players must color a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Chao Yang , Zhujun Zhang

In this paper, we prove that optimally solving an $n \times n \times n$ Rubik's Cube is NP-complete by reducing from the Hamiltonian Cycle problem in square grid graphs. This improves the previous result that optimally solving an $n \times…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Erik D. Demaine , Sarah Eisenstat , Mikhail Rudoy

"Solitaire Chess" is a logic puzzle published by Thinkfun, that can be seen as a single person version of traditional chess. Given a chess board with some chess pieces of the same color placed on it, the task is to capture all pieces but…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-01-27 Jens Maßberg

Ward and Szab\'o [WS94] have shown that a complete graph with $N^2$ nodes whose edges are colored by $N$ colors and that has at least two colors contains a bichromatic triangle. This fact leads us to a total search problem: Given an…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Takashi Ishizuka

We prove that path puzzles with complete row and column information--or equivalently, 2D orthogonal discrete tomography with Hamiltonicity constraint--are strongly NP-complete, ASP-complete, and #P-complete. Along the way, we newly…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Jeffrey Bosboom , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Adam Hesterberg , Roderick Kimball , Justin Kopinsky

In this paper, we give simple NP-hardness reductions for three popular video games. The first is Baba Is You, an award winning 2D block puzzle game with the key premise being the ability to rewrite the rules of the game. The second is Fez,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Matthew Ferland , Vikram Kher

The Hanano Puzzle is a one-player game with irreversible gravity, where the goal is to make colored blocks make contact with flowers of the corresponding color. The game Jelly no Puzzle shares similar mechanics. In general, determining if a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Michael C. Chavrimootoo , Jin Seok Youn

We prove that the problem of reconstructing a permutation $\pi_1,\dotsc,\pi_n$ of the integers $[1\dotso n]$ given the absolute differences $|\pi_{i+1}-\pi_i|$, $i = 1,\dotsc,n-1$ is NP-complete. As an intermediate step we first prove the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-10-28 Marzio De Biasi

We consider a puzzle such that a set of colored cubes is given as an instance. Each cube has unit length on each edge and its surface is colored so that what we call the Surface Color Condition is satisfied. Given a palette of six colors,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-12-04 Kazuya Haraguchi

"Bubble Ball" is a game built on a 2D physics engine, where a finite set of objects can modify the motion of a bubble-like ball. The objective is to choose the set and the initial configuration of the objects, in order to get the ball to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-30 Hotae Lee , Monimoy Bujarbaruah , Francesco Borrelli

Wataridori is a pencil puzzle that involves drawing paths in a rectangular grid to connect circles into pairs while satisfying several constraints. In this paper, we prove that deciding whether a given Wataridori puzzle has a solution is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Suthee Ruangwises

This paper extends the work started in 2002 by Demaine, Demaine and Verill (DDV) on coin-moving puzzles. These puzzles have a long history in the recreational literature, but were first systematically analyzed by DDV, who gave a full…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Florian Galliot , Sylvain Gravier , Isabelle Sivignon

The class of passable games was recently introduced by Selinger as a class of combinatorial games that are suitable for modelling monotone set coloring games such as Hex. In a monotone set coloring game, the players alternately color the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-03 Eric Demer , Peter Selinger , Kyle Wang

The reversible pebble game is a combinatorial game played on rooted DAGs. This game was introduced by Bennett (1989) motivated by applications in designing space efficient reversible algorithms. Recently, Chan (2013) showed that the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-04-20 Balagopal Komarath , Jayalal Sarma , Saurabh Sawlani

In this paper, we give a formal definition of the popular word-guessing game Wordle. We show that, in general, determining if a given Wordle instance admits a winning strategy is NP-complete. We also show that given a Wordle instance of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Will Rosenbaum

We show that the decision versions of the puzzles Knossos and The Hour-Glass are complete for NP.

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-08-03 Holger Petersen