Related papers: Homology for Quandles with Partial Group Operation…
The aim of this paper is to propose a theory of derivations for quandles. Given a quandle $A$ admitting an action by a quandle $Q$, derivations from $Q$ to $A$ are introduced as twisted analogues of quandle homomorphisms. It is shown that…
If $A$ is an abelian quandle and $Q$ is a quandle, the hom set $\mathrm{Hom}(Q,A)$ of quandle homomorphisms from $Q$ to $A$ has a natural quandle structure. We exploit this fact to enhance the quandle counting invariant, providing an…
We define homology of ternary algebras satisfying axioms derived from particle scattering or, equivalently, from the third Reidemeister move. We show that ternary quasigroups satisfying these axioms appear naturally in invariants of…
In this paper, we explore the bounded cohomology of quandles and its applications to knot theory. We establish two key results that provide sufficient conditions for the infinite dimensionality of the second bounded cohomology of quandles.…
Cocycles are constructed by polynomial expressions for Alexander quandles. As applications, non-triviality of some quandle homology groups are proved, and quandle cocycle invariants of knots are studied. In particular, for an infinite…
We define an invariant of tangles and framed tangles given a finite crossed module and a pair of functions, called a Reidemeister pair, satisfying natural properties. We give several examples of Reidemeister pairs derived from racks,…
In this paper, a theory of quandle rings is proposed for quandles analogous to the classical theory of group rings for groups, and interconnections between quandles and associated quandle rings are explored.
Given a finite quandle, we introduce a quandle homotopy invariant of knotted surfaces in the 4-sphere, modifying that of classical links. This invariant is valued in the third homotopy group of the quandle space, and is universal among the…
For each manifold or effective orbifold $Y$ and commutative ring $R$, we define a new homology theory $MH_*(Y;R)$, $M$-$homology$, and a new cohomology theory $MH^*(Y;R)$, $M$-$cohomology$. For $MH_*(Y;R)$ the chain complex…
We prove Euler's theorem of number theory developing an argument based on quandles. A quandle is an algebraic structure whose axioms mimic the three Reidemeister moves of knot theory.
Homomorphisms on quandle cohomology groups that raise the dimensions by one are studied in relation to the cocycle state-sum invariants of knots and knotted surfaces. Skein relations are also studied.
We define an invariant of tangles and framed tangles given a finite crossed module and a pair of functions, called a Reidemeister pair, satisfying natural properties. We give several examples of Reidemeister pairs derived from racks,…
The knot quandle is a complete invariant for oriented classical knots in the $3$-sphere up to orientation. Eisermann computed the second quandle homology group of the knot quandle and showed that it characterizes the unknot. In this paper,…
A symmetric quandle is a quandle with a good involution. For a knot in \$R^3\$, a knotted surface in \$R^4\$ or an \$n\$-manifold knot in \$R^{n+2}\$, the knot symmetric quandle is defined. We introduce the notion of a symmetric quandle…
A quandle is an algebraic structure whose binary operation is idempotent, right-invertible and right self-distributive. Right-invertibility ensures right translations are permutations and right self-distributivity ensures further they are…
We associate to every quandle $X$ and an associative ring with unity $\mathbf{k}$, a nonassociative ring $\mathbf{k}[X]$ following [3]. The basic properties of such rings are investigated. In particular, under the assumption that the inner…
Homology theories for associative algebraic structures are well established and have been studied for a long time. More recently, homology theories for self-distributive algebraic structures motivated by knot theory, such as quandles and…
We construct elements of the third quandle homology groups of knot quandles, which are called the shadow fundamental classes. They play the same roles for the shadow quandle cocycle invariants of knots as the fundamental classes of knot…
We are intereseted in quandles and their enveloping groups. Various results are proven. We show that a quandle $Q$ and its image in the enveloping group $G(Q)$ have isomorphic enveloping groups. The image quandle is injective. For $Q$ a…
In this paper we describe three geometric applications of quandle homology. We show that it gives obstructions to tangle embeddings, provides the lower bound for the 4-move distance between links, and can be used in determining periodicity…