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Several arguments demonstrate the incompatibility between Quantum Mechanics and classical Physics. Bell's inequalities and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) arguments apply to specific non-classical states. The Kochen-Specker (KS) one,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Alejandro Hnilo

Quantum computations usually take place under the control of the classical world. We introduce a Classically-controlled Quantum Turing Machine (CQTM) which is a Turing Machine (TM) with a quantum tape for acting on quantum data, and a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-11 Simon Perdrix , Philippe Jorrand

The complexity of free games with two or more classical players was essentially settled by Aaronson, Impagliazzo, and Moshkovitz (CCC'14). There are two complexity classes that can be considered quantum analogues of classical free games:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Anand Natarajan , Tina Zhang

Stabiliser operations occupy a prominent role in fault-tolerant quantum computing. They are defined operationally: by the use of Clifford gates, Pauli measurements and classical control. These operations can be efficiently simulated on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Arne Heimendahl , Markus Heinrich , David Gross

Simulating quantum computation on a classical computer is a difficult problem. The matrices representing quantum gates, and the vectors modeling qubit states grow exponentially with an increase in the number of qubits. However, by using a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 George F. Viamontes , Igor L. Markov , John P. Hayes

We present a classical interactive protocol that verifies the validity of a quantum witness state for the local Hamiltonian problem. It follows from this protocol that approximating the non-local value of a multi-player one-round game to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-28 Zhengfeng Ji

We study the ability of efficient quantum verifiers to decide properties of exponentially large subsets given either a classical or quantum witness. We develop a general framework that can be used to prove that QCMA machines, with only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-29 Bill Fefferman , Shelby Kimmel

This paper presents stronger methods of achieving perfect completeness in quantum interactive proofs. First, it is proved that any problem in QMA has a two-message quantum interactive proof system of perfect completeness with constant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-25 Hirotada Kobayashi , François Le Gall , Harumichi Nishimura

Achieving near-term quantum advantage will require accurate estimation of quantum observables despite significant hardware noise. For this purpose, we propose a novel, scalable error-mitigation method that applies to gate-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-01 Piotr Czarnik , Andrew Arrasmith , Patrick J. Coles , Lukasz Cincio

Motivated by their central role in fault-tolerant quantum computation, we study the sets of gates of the third-level of the Clifford hierarchy and their distinguished subsets of `nearly diagonal' semi-Clifford gates. The Clifford hierarchy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-30 Imin Chen , Nadish de Silva

QMA is the class of languages that can be decided by an efficient quantum verifier given a quantum witness, whereas QCMA is the class of such languages where the efficient quantum verifier only is given a classical witness. A challenging…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Mark Zhandry

The quantum PCP (QPCP) conjecture states that all problems in QMA, the quantum analogue of NP, admit quantum verifiers that only act on a constant number of qubits of a polynomial size quantum proof and have a constant gap between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-09 Alex B. Grilo , Iordanis Kerenidis , Attila Pereszlényi

We present the first protocol allowing a classical computer to interactively verify the result of an efficient quantum computation. We achieve this by constructing a measurement protocol, which enables a classical verifier to use a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Urmila Mahadev

The presence of symmetries, be they discrete or continuous, in a physical system typically leads to a reduction in the problem to be solved. Here we report that neither translational invariance nor rotational invariance reduce the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-07-24 Alastair Kay

Magic states are essential for universal quantum computation and are widely viewed as a key source of quantum advantage, yet in realistic devices they are inevitably noisy. In this work, we characterize how noise on injected magic resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Jiwon Heo , Sojeong Park , Changhun Oh

We study how much noise can be tolerated by a universal gate set before it loses its quantum-computational power. Specifically we look at circuits with perfect stabilizer operations in addition to imperfect non-stabilizer gates. We prove…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-12-24 Wim van Dam , Mark Howard

This study presents a roadmap towards utilizing a single arbitrary gate for universal quantum computing. Since two decades ago, it has been widely accepted that almost any single arbitrary gate with qubit number $>2$ is universal. Utilizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Zhong-Yi Ni , Yu-Sheng Zhao , Jin-Guo Liu

In classical computation, a "write-only memory" (WOM) is little more than an oxymoron, and the addition of WOM to a (deterministic or probabilistic) classical computer brings no advantage. We prove that quantum computers that are augmented…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-01-29 Abuzer Yakaryilmaz , Rusins Freivalds , A. C. Cem Say , Ruben Agadzanyan

Affine automata provide a finite-state computational model that preserves the linear-algebraic structure of quantum computation while operating entirely over the reals. Recent work has shown that affine automata can far surpass classical…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zeyu Chen , Junde Wu

In this note we study the power of so called query-limited computers. We compare the strength of a classical computer that is allowed to ask two questions to an NP-oracle with the strength of a quantum computer that is allowed only one such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Wim van Dam