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Relativistic heavy ion collisions have reached energies that enable the creation of a novel state of matter termed the quark-gluon plasma. Many observables point to a picture of the medium as rapidly equilibrating and expanding as a nearly…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2011-07-19 James L. Nagle , Ian G. Bearden , William A. Zajc

A recently obtained set of the equations for leading-order (3+1)D anisotropic hydrodynamics is tested against exact solutions of the Boltzmann equation with the collisional kernel treated in the relaxation time approximation. In order to…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2016-01-20 Leonardo Tinti , Radoslaw Ryblewski , Wojciech Florkowski , Michael Strickland

We use symmetry arguments developed by Gubser to construct the first radially-expanding explicit solutions of the Israel-Stewart formulation of hydrodynamics. Along with a general semi-analytical solution, an exact analytical solution is…

In this contributed chapter, I review our current understanding of the applicability of hydrodynamics to modeling the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), focusing on the question of hydrodynamization/thermalization of the QGP and the anisotropic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-02-16 Michael Strickland

We present a complete formulation of second-order (2+1)-dimensional anisotropic hydrodynamics. The resulting framework generalizes leading-order anisotropic hydrodynamics by allowing for deviations of the one-particle distribution function…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-11-26 Dennis Bazow , Ulrich W. Heinz , Michael Strickland

We discuss the evolution of anisotropic boost-invariant quark-gluon plasma possibly created at the early stages of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Our considerations are based on the recently proposed formalism that is an extension of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2010-01-15 W. Florkowski , R. Ryblewski

Anisotropic flow is sensitive to the shear $(\eta/s)$ and bulk ($\zeta/s$) viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions, as well as the initial state of such collisions and hadronization mechanisms. In these…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2018-03-14 Redmer Alexander Bertens

I consider a simple set of equations that govern the expansion of boost-invariant plasmas of massless particles. These equations describe the transition from a collisionless regime at early time to hydrodynamics at late time. Their…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-09-26 Jean-Paul Blaizot

By making use of the chiral kinetic theory in the relaxation-time approximation, we derive an Israel-Stewart type formulation of the hydrodynamic equations for a chiral relativistic plasma made of neutral particles (e.g., neutrinos). The…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-06-06 E. V. Gorbar , D. O. Rybalka , I. A. Shovkovy

We use (3+1)-dimensional hydrodynamics with exact longitudinal boost-invariance to study the influence of collision centrality and initial energy density on the transverse flow pattern and the angular distributions of particles emitted near…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-09 Peter F. Kolb , Josef Sollfrank , Ulrich Heinz

Experimental results on azimuthal correlations in high energy nuclear collisions (nucleus-nucleus, proton-nucleus and proton-proton) seem to be well described by viscous hydrodynamics. It is often argued that this agreement implies either…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-02-01 Paul Romatschke

In this review, we present the motivation for using relativistic anisotropic hydrodynamics to study the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We then highlight the main ingredients of the 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-12-30 Huda Alalawi , Mubarak Alqahtani , Michael Strickland

The Quark Gluon Plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions has three relevant conserved charges: baryon number (B), strangeness (S), and electric charge (Q). Here we derive the Israel-Stewart framework for BSQ diffusion coupled to shear and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-09-27 Dekrayat Almaalol , Travis Dore , Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler

We have studied the effect of nonzero bulk viscosity with peak near the lattice QCD predicted crossover temperature $T_{co}\sim 175 MeV$ on charged particle transverse momentum spectra and elliptic flow. The Israel-Stewart theory of 2nd…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-30 Victor Roy , A. K. Chaudhuri

We compute the time evolution of elliptic flow in non-central relativistic heavy-ion collisions, using a (2+1)-dimensional code with longitudinal boost-invariance to simulate viscous fluid dynamics in the causal Israel-Stewart formulation.…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Huichao Song , Ulrich W. Heinz

Anisotropic hydrodynamics improves upon standard dissipative fluid dynamics by treating certain large dissipative corrections non-perturbatively. Relativistic heavy-ion collisions feature two such large dissipative effects: (i) Strongly…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-06-06 M. McNelis , D. Bazow , U. Heinz

We present a quantitative study of vorticity formation in peripheral ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at sqrt(s)NN = 200 GeV by using the ECHO-QGP numerical code, implementing relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics in the causal…

The observation of collective flow phenomena in small collision systems challenges our understanding of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation and evolution. This complexity lies in the initial geometries, which are influenced by both nucleon…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-10-23 STAR Collaboration

Heavy-ion collisions are well described by a dynamical evolution with a long hydrodynamical phase. In this phase the properties of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma are reflected in the equation of state (EoS) and the transport…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-12-06 A. Dubla , S. Masciocchi , J. M. Pawlowski , B. Schenke , C. Shen , J. Stachel

Anisotropic flow measurements constrain the shear $(\eta/s)$ and bulk ($\zeta/s$) viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions, as well as give insight into the initial state of such collisions and hadronization…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2018-03-14 R. A. Bertens