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In this short paper we present a survey of some results concerning the random SAT problems. To elaborate, the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) Problem refers to the problem of determining whether a given set of $m$ Boolean constraints over $n$…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-11-07 Andreas Basse-O'Connor , Tobias Lindhardt Overgaard , Mette Skjøtt

Satisfiability-based verification techniques, leveraging modern Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers, have demonstrated efficacy in addressing practical problem instances within program analysis.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Markus Krahl , Matthias Güdemann , Stefan Wallentowitz

The Boolean Satisfiability Problem is perhaps one of the most well-known problems in theoretical computer science. On the one hand, it is proven to be NP-complete, which means that it is generally considered hard to solve. On the other…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Flora Rädiker

Revealing hidden causal variables alongside the underlying causal mechanisms is essential to the development of science. Despite the progress in the past decades, existing practice in causal discovery (CD) heavily relies on high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chenxi Liu , Yongqiang Chen , Tongliang Liu , Mingming Gong , James Cheng , Bo Han , Kun Zhang

The Constraint-satisfaction problem (CSP) is fundamental in mathematics, physics, and theoretical computer science. Continuous local search (CLS) solvers, as recent advancements, can achieve highly competitive results on certain classes of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yunuo Cen , Zixuan Wang , Jintao Zhang , Zhiwei Zhang , Xuanyao Fong

The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) holds a central place in computational complexity theory as the first shown NP-complete problem. Due to this role, SAT is often used as the benchmark for polynomial-time reductions: if a problem can…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yumiko Nishiyama

Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is fundamental to many applications. Existing works have used graph neural networks (GNNs) for (approximate) SAT solving. Typical GNN-based end-to-end SAT solvers predict SAT solutions concurrently. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zhiyuan Yan , Min Li , Zhengyuan Shi , Wenjie Zhang , Yingcong Chen , Hongce Zhang

Given a CNF formula and a weight for each assignment of values to variables, two natural problems are weighted model counting and distribution-aware sampling of satisfying assignments. Both problems have a wide variety of important…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-04-14 Supratik Chakraborty , Daniel J. Fremont , Kuldeep S. Meel , Sanjit A. Seshia , Moshe Y. Vardi

A new stream of research was born in the last decade with the goal of mining itemsets of interest using Constraint Programming (CP). This has promoted a natural way to combine complex constraints in a highly flexible manner. Although CP…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-27 Rui Henriques , Inês Lynce , Vasco Manquinho

CDCL-based SAT solvers have transformed the field of automated reasoning owing to their demonstrated efficiency at handling problems arising from diverse domains. The success of CDCL solvers is owed to the design of clever heuristics that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Arijit Shaw , Kuldeep S. Meel

The computational complexity of solving random 3-Satisfiability (3-SAT) problems is investigated. 3-SAT is a representative example of hard computational tasks; it consists in knowing whether a set of alpha N randomly drawn logical…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Simona Cocco , Remi Monasson

Bounded fitting is a general paradigm for learning logical formulas from positive and negative data examples, that has received considerable interest recently. We investigate bounded fitting for the description logic ALC and its syntactic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Maurice Funk , Jean Christoph Jung , Tom Voellmer

Efficient solutions to NP-complete problems would significantly benefit both science and industry. However, such problems are intractable on digital computers based on the von Neumann architecture, thus creating the need for alternative…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Xunzhao Yin , Behnam Sedighi , Melinda Varga , Maria Ercsey-Ravasz , Zoltan Toroczkai , Xiaobo Sharon Hu

Logic provides a controlled testbed for evaluating LLM-based reasoners, yet standard SAT-style benchmarks often conflate surface difficulty (length, wording, clause order) with the structural phenomena that actually determine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Naïm Es-sebbani , Esteban Marquer , Yakoub Salhi , Zied Bouraoui

Recent universal-hashing based approaches to sampling and counting crucially depend on the runtime performance of SAT solvers on formulas expressed as the conjunction of both CNF constraints and variable-width XOR constraints (known as…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-10-18 Jeffrey M. Dudek , Kuldeep S. Meel , Moshe Y. Vardi

This work focuses on effectively generating diverse solutions for satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) formulas, targeting the theories of bit-vectors, arrays, and uninterpreted functions, which is a critical task in software and hardware…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shuangyu Lyu , Chuan Luo , Ruizhi Shi , Wei Wu , Chanjuan Liu , Chunming Hu

Rigorous statistical evaluations of large language models (LLMs), including valid error bars and significance testing, are essential for meaningful and reliable performance assessment. Currently, when such statistical measures are reported,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Sam Bowyer , Laurence Aitchison , Desi R. Ivanova

In this article we demonstrate how to solve a variety of problems and puzzles using the built-in SAT solver of the computer algebra system Maple. Once the problems have been encoded into Boolean logic, solutions can be found (or shown to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Curtis Bright , Jürgen Gerhard , Ilias Kotsireas , Vijay Ganesh

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) is an NP-complete problem that impacts many research fields, such as planning, verification, and security. Mainstream modern SAT solvers are based on the Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) algorithm.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Wenxi Wang , Yang Hu , Mohit Tiwari , Sarfraz Khurshid , Kenneth McMillan , Risto Miikkulainen

Modern SMT solvers have revolutionized the approach to constraint satisfaction problems by integrating advanced theory reasoning and encoding techniques. In this work, we evaluate the performance of modern SMT solvers in Z3, CVC5 and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Liam Davis , Tairan Ji
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