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Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) are a well-known method for the analysis of categorical longitudinal responses. GEE method has computational simplicity and population parameter interpretation. In the presence of missing data it is…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-06-16 José Luiz P. da Silva , Enrico A. Colosimo , Fábio N. Demarqui

Generalized estimating equation (GEE) is widely adopted for regression modeling for longitudinal data, taking account of potential correlations within the same subjects. Although the standard GEE assumes common regression coefficients among…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-11 Tsubasa Ito , Shonosuke Sugasawa

Extending generalized estimating equations (GEE) to ordinal response data requires a conversion of the ordinal response to a vector of binary category indicators. That leads to a rather complicated association structure, and the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-05-23 Aristidis K. Nikoloulopoulos

How to deal with missing data in observational studies is a common concern for causal inference. When the covariates are missing at random (MAR), multiple approaches have been provided to help solve the issue. However, if the exposure is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-14 Yuliang Shi , Yeying Zhu , Joel A. Dubin

Design and analysis of cluster randomized trials must take into account correlation among outcomes from the same clusters. When applying standard generalized estimating equations (GEE), the first-order (e.g. treatment) effects can be…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-04-18 Tom Chen , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen , Rui Wang

Commonly used methods to analyze incomplete longitudinal clinical trial data include complete case analysis (CC) and last observation carried forward (LOCF). However, such methods rest on strong assumptions, including missing completely at…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Ivy Jansen , Caroline Beunckens , Geert Molenberghs , Geert Verbeke , Craig Mallinckrodt

We propose a unified class of calibration weighting methods based on weighted generalized entropy to handle missing at random (MAR) data with improved stability and efficiency. The proposed generalized entropy calibration (GEC) formulates…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-07 Yonghyun Kwon , Jae Kwang Kim , Yumou Qiu

The method of generalized estimating equations (GEE) is popular in the biostatistics literature for analyzing longitudinal binary and count data. It assumes a generalized linear model (GLM) for the outcome variable, and a working…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-06-03 Aristidis K. Nikoloulopoulos

In this article, we propose a new method for analyzing longitudinal data which contain responses that are missing at random. This method consists in solving the generalized estimating equation (GEE) of Liang and Zeger (1986) in which the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-16 Raluca M. Balan , Dina Jankovic

In this paper, we study estimation of nonlinear models with cross sectional data using two-step generalized estimating equations (GEE) in the quasi-maximum likelihood estimation (QMLE) framework. In the interest of improving efficiency, we…

Econometrics · Economics 2018-10-16 Cuicui Lu , Weining Wang , Jeffrey M. Wooldridge

We study moment-based estimation with two sequentially collected variables subject to non-monotone missingness. The commonly used Missing at Random (MAR) assumption requiring all missingness mechanisms to depend on the same fully observed…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-29 Shenshen Yang

When outcomes are missing for reasons beyond an investigator's control, there are two different ways to adjust a parameter estimate for covariates that may be related both to the outcome and to missingness. One approach is to model the…

Methodology · Statistics 2008-12-18 Joseph D. Y. Kang , Joseph L. Schafer

Longitudinal data are commonly encountered in biomedical research, including randomized trials and retrospective cohort studies. Subjects are typically followed over a period of time and may be scheduled for follow-up at pre-determined time…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-23 George Stefan , Eleanor Pullenayegum

Analysts often use data-driven approaches to supplement their substantive knowledge when selecting covariates for causal effect estimation. Multiple variable selection procedures tailored for causal effect estimation have been devised in…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-03-27 Denis Talbot , Claudia Beaudoin

In this article, we study a partially linear single-index model for longitudinal data under a general framework which includes both the sparse and dense longitudinal data cases. A semiparametric estimation method based on a combination of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-31 Jia Chen , Degui Li , Hua Liang , Suojin Wang

In clinical trials involving paired organs such as eyes, ears, and kidneys, binary outcomes may be collected bilaterally or unilaterally. In such combined datasets, bilateral outcomes exhibit intra-subject correlation, while unilateral…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-19 Jia Zhou , Chang-Xing Ma

Generalized estimating equations (GEE; Liang & Zeger 1986) for general vector regression settings are examined. When the response vectors are of mixed type (e.g. continuous-binary response pairs), the GEE approach is a semiparametric…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-08 Alan Huang

Micro-randomized trials (MRTs) are increasingly used to evaluate mobile health interventions with binary proximal outcomes. Standard inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimators are unbiased but unstable in small samples or under extreme…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-10 Jinho Cha , Eunchan Cha

Longitudinal data are essential for studying within subject change and between subject differences in change. However, missing data, especially when the observed variables are nonnormal, remain a significant challenge in longitudinal…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-21 Dandan Tang , Xin Tong , Jianhui Zhou

In pharmacoepidemiology, safety and effectiveness are frequently evaluated using readily available administrative and electronic health records data. In these settings, detailed confounder data are often not available in all data sources…

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