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In the experimental verification of Bell's inequalities in real photonic experiments, it is generally believed that the so-called fair sampling assumption (which means that a small fraction of results provide a fair statistical sample) has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Afshin Shafiee , Mehdi Golshani

Entanglement witnesses such as Bell inequalities are frequently used to prove the non-classicality of a light source and its suitability for further tasks. By demonstrating Bell inequality violations using classical light in common…

The high fraction of published results that turn out to be incorrect is a major concern of today's science. This paper contributes to the understanding of this problem in two independent directions. First, Johnson's recent claim that…

Applications · Statistics 2014-11-07 Jean-Christophe Mourrat

We consider a Bell-like inequality performed using various instances of multi-photon entangled states to demonstrate that losses occurring after the unitary transformations used in the nonlocality test can be counteracted by enhancing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-22 Youngrong Lim , Mauro Paternostro , Jinhyoung Lee , Minsu Kang , Hyunseok Jeong

Several versions of quantum theory assume some form of localized collapse. If measurement outcomes are indeed defined by localized collapses, then a loophole-free demonstration of Bell non-locality needs to ensure space-like separated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Adrian Kent

The concept of self-testing (or rigidity) refers to the fact that for certain Bell inequalities the maximal violation can be achieved in an essentially unique manner. In this work we present a family of Bell inequalities which are maximally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-22 Jędrzej Kaniewski

The detection of nonlocal correlations in a Bell experiment implies almost by definition some intrinsic randomness in the measurement outcomes. For given correlations, or for a given Bell violation, the amount of randomness predicted by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-20 Erik Woodhead , Boris Bourdoncle , Antonio Acín

We show that there are Bell-type inequalities for noncontextual theories that are violated by any quantum state. One of these inequalities between the correlations of compatible measurements is particularly suitable for testing this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-28 Adan Cabello

Large scale discrete uniform and homogeneous $P$-values often arise in applications with multiple testing. For example, this occurs in genome wide association studies whenever a nonparametric one-sample (or two-sample) test is applied…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-08 Marta Cousido-Rocha , Jacobo de Uña-Álvarez , Sebastian Döhler

Recently, the results of the first experimental test for entangled photons closing the detection loophole (also referred to as the fair sampling loophole) were published (Vienna, 2013). From the theoretical viewpoint the main distinguishing…

When separated measurements on entangled quantum systems are performed, the theory predicts correlations that cannot be explained by any classical mechanism: communication is excluded because the signal should travel faster than light;…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-11 Daniel Cavalcanti , Nicolas Brunner , Paul Skrzypczyk , Alejo Salles , Valerio Scarani

We introduce probability estimation, a broadly applicable framework to certify randomness in a finite sequence of measurement results without assuming that these results are independent and identically distributed. Probability estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-30 Yanbao Zhang , Emanuel Knill , Peter Bierhorst

The majority of recent works investigating the link between non-locality and randomness, e.g. in the context of device-independent cryptography, do so with respect to some specific Bell inequality, usually the CHSH inequality. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-23 O. Nieto-Silleras , S. Pironio , J. Silman

Nonlocality is a fascinating and counterintuitive aspect of Nature, revealed by the violation of a Bell inequality. The standard and easiest configuration in which Bell inequalities can be measured has been proposed by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 Enrico Pomarico , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Bruno Sanguinetti , Anas Rochdi , Nicolas Gisin

In the context of functional data analysis, we propose new two sample tests for homogeneity. Based on some well-known depth measures, we construct four different statistics in order to measure distance between the two samples. A simulation…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-07-08 Ramón Flores , Rosa Lillo , Juan Romo

Recently, a group of experiments tested local realism with random choices prepared by humans. These various tests were subject to additional assumptions, which lead to loopholes in the interpretations of almost all of the experiments. Among…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-08 Stanisław Sołtan , Dawid Dopierała , Adam Bednorz

The non-locality of quantum correlations is a fundamental feature of quantum theory. The Bell inequality serves as a benchmark for distinguishing between predictions made by quantum theory and local hidden variable theory (LHVT). Recent…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-07-02 BESIII Collaboration , M. Ablikim , M. N. Achasov , P. Adlarson , X. C. Ai , R. Aliberti , A. Amoroso , M. R. An , Q. An , Y. Bai , O. Bakina , I. Balossino , Y. Ban , V. Batozskaya , K. Begzsuren , N. Berger , M. Berlowski , M. Bertani , D. Bettoni , F. Bianchi , E. Bianco , A. Bortone , I. Boyko , R. A. Briere , A. Brueggemann , H. Cai , X. Cai , A. Calcaterra , G. F. Cao , N. Cao , S. A. Cetin , J. F. Chang , T. T. Chang , W. L. Chang , G. R. Che , G. Chelkov , C. Chen , Chao Chen , G. Chen , H. S. Chen , M. L. Chen , S. J. Chen , S. M. Chen , T. Chen , X. R. Chen , X. T. Chen , Y. B. Chen , Y. Q. Chen , Z. J. Chen , W. S. Cheng , S. K. Choi , X. Chu , G. Cibinetto , S. C. Coen , F. Cossio , J. J. Cui , H. L. Dai , J. P. Dai , A. Dbeyssi , R. E. de Boer , D. Dedovich , Z. Y. Deng , A. Denig , I. Denysenko , M. Destefanis , F. DeMori , B. Ding , X. X. Ding , Y. Ding , Y. Ding , J. Dong , L. Y. Dong , M. Y. Dong , X. Dong , M. C. Du , S. X. Du , Z. H. Duan , P. Egorov , Y. L. Fan , J. Fang , S. S. Fang , W. X. Fang , Y. Fang , R. Farinelli , L. Fava , F. Feldbauer , G. Felici , C. Q. Feng , J. H. Feng , K. Fischer , M. Fritsch , C. Fritzsch , C. D. Fu , J. L. Fu , Y. W. Fu , H. Gao , Y. N. Gao , YangGao , S. Garbolino , I. Garzia , P. T. Ge , Z. W. Ge , C. Geng , E. M. Gersabeck , AGilman , K. Goetzen , L. Gong , W. X. Gong , W. Gradl , S. Gramigna , M. Greco , M. H. Gu , C. YGuan , Z. L. Guan , A. Q. Guo , L. B. Guo , M. J. Guo , R. P. Guo , Y. P. Guo , A. Guskov , T. T. Han , W. Y. Han , X. Q. Hao , F. A. Harris , K. K. He , K. L. He , F. HH. . Heinsius , C. H. Heinz , Y. K. Heng , C. Herold , T. Holtmann , P. C. Hong , G. Y. Hou , X. T. Hou , Y. R. Hou , Z. L. Hou , H. M. Hu , J. F. Hu , T. Hu , Y. Hu , G. S. Huang , K. X. Huang , L. Q. Huang , X. T. Huang , Y. P. Huang , T. Hussain , NHüsken , W. Imoehl , J. Jackson , S. Jaeger , S. Janchiv , J. H. Jeong , Q. Ji , Q. P. Ji , X. B. Ji , X. L. Ji , Y. Y. 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Certifying maximal quantum randomness without assumptions about system dimension remains a pivotal challenge for secure communication and foundational studies. Here, we introduce a generalized framework to directly certify maximal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Tianqi Zheng , Yi Li , Yu Xiang , Qiongyi He

Entanglement is a critical resource used in many current quantum information schemes. As such entanglement has been extensively studied in two qubit systems and its entanglement nature has been exhibited by violations of the Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 W. J. Munro , K. Nemoto , A. G. White

Correlations for the Bell gedankenexperiment are constructed using probabilities given by quantum mechanics, and nonlocal information. They satisfy Bell's inequality and exhibit spatial non stationarity in angle. Correlations for three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Louis Sica