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Automatic short answer grading (ASAG) techniques are designed to automatically assess short answers to questions in natural language, having a length of a few words to a few sentences. Supervised ASAG techniques have been demonstrated to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-22 Shourya Roy , Himanshu S. Bhatt , Y. Narahari

State-of-the-art natural language generation evaluation metrics are based on black-box language models. Hence, recent works consider their explainability with the goals of better understandability for humans and better metric analysis,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Christoph Leiter , Hoa Nguyen , Steffen Eger

With an ever increasing size of text present on the Internet, automatic summary generation remains an important problem for natural language understanding. In this work we explore a novel full-fledged pipeline for text summarization with an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-19 Shibhansh Dohare , Harish Karnick , Vivek Gupta

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Prompt Engineering have made chatbot customization more accessible, significantly reducing barriers to tasks that previously required programming skills. However, prompt evaluation,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Sam Yu-Te Lee , Aryaman Bahukhandi , Dongyu Liu , Kwan-Liu Ma

We propose an end-to-end neural model for zero-shot abstractive text summarization of paragraphs, and introduce a benchmark task, ROCSumm, based on ROCStories, a subset for which we collected human summaries. In this task, five-sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Peter J. Liu , Yu-An Chung , Jie Ren

The most prevalent scope of interest for OCR applications used to be scanned documents, but it has now shifted towards the natural scene. Despite the change of times, the existing evaluation methods are still based on the old criteria…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Hong-Seok Lee , Youngmin Yoon , Pil-Hoon Jang , Chankyu Choi

Essays are considered a valuable mechanism for evaluating learning outcomes in writing. Textual cohesion is an essential characteristic of a text, as it facilitates the establishment of meaning between its parts. Automatically scoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Bruno Alexandre Rosa , Hilário Oliveira , Luiz Rodrigues , Eduardo Araujo Oliveira , Rafael Ferreira Mello

Topic-controllable summarization is an emerging research area with a wide range of potential applications. However, existing approaches suffer from significant limitations. For example, the majority of existing methods built upon recurrent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Tatiana Passali , Grigorios Tsoumakas

Many academic journals ask their authors to provide a list of about five to fifteen key words, to appear on the first page of each article. Since these key words are often phrases of two or more words, we prefer to call them keyphrases.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Peter D. Turney

It is well known that translations generated by an excellent document-level neural machine translation (NMT) model are consistent and coherent. However, existing sentence-level evaluation metrics like BLEU can hardly reflect the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Xin Tan , Longyin Zhang , Guodong Zhou

Evaluation of text summarization approaches have been mostly based on metrics that measure similarities of system generated summaries with a set of human written gold-standard summaries. The most widely used metric in summarization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Arman Cohan , Nazli Goharian

Modern neural networks have greatly improved performance across speech recognition benchmarks. However, gains are often driven by frequent words with limited semantic weight, which can obscure meaningful differences in word error rate, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Lasse Borgholt , Jakob Havtorn , Christian Igel , Lars Maaløe , Zheng-Hua Tan

Many studies have examined the shortcomings of word error rate (WER) as an evaluation metric for automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Since WER considers only literal word-level correctness, new evaluation metrics based on semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Zitha Sasindran , Harsha Yelchuri , T. V. Prabhakar , Supreeth Rao

Recently, the seq2seq abstractive summarization models have achieved good results on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset. Still, how to improve abstractive methods with extractive methods is a good research direction, since extractive methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-07 Niantao Xie , Sujian Li , Huiling Ren , Qibin Zhai

Automatic evaluation of hashtag recommendation models is a fundamental task in many online social network systems. In the traditional evaluation method, the recommended hashtags from an algorithm are firstly compared with the ground truth…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Areej Alsini , Du Q. Huynh , Amitava Datta

Evaluation metric of visual captioning is important yet not thoroughly explored. Traditional metrics like BLEU, METEOR, CIDEr, and ROUGE often miss semantic depth, while trained metrics such as CLIP-Score, PAC-S, and Polos are limited in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Tony Cheng Tong , Sirui He , Zhiwen Shao , Dit-Yan Yeung

We study unsupervised multi-document summarization evaluation metrics, which require neither human-written reference summaries nor human annotations (e.g. preferences, ratings, etc.). We propose SUPERT, which rates the quality of a summary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Yang Gao , Wei Zhao , Steffen Eger

Evaluation is the method of assessing and determining the educational system through various techniques such as verbal or viva-voice test, subjective or objective written test. This paper presents an efficient solution to evaluate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Tamim Al Mahmud , Md Gulzar Hussain , Sumaiya Kabir , Hasnain Ahmad , Mahmudus Sobhan

In this article is analyzed technology of automatic text abstracting and annotation. The role of annotation in automatic search and classification for different scientific articles is described. The algorithm of summarization of natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-08 Nataliya Shakhovska , Taras Cherna

Recent breakthroughs in diffusion models, multimodal pretraining, and efficient finetuning have led to an explosion of text-to-image generative models. Given human evaluation is expensive and difficult to scale, automated methods are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Dhruba Ghosh , Hanna Hajishirzi , Ludwig Schmidt
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