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Randomized experiments are the gold standard for estimating the causal effects of an intervention. In the simplest setting, each experimental unit is randomly assigned to receive treatment or control, and then the outcomes in each treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-05 Guillaume Basse , Yi Ding , Panos Toulis

We construct exact confidence intervals for the average treatment effect in randomized experiments with binary outcomes using sequences of randomization tests. Our approach does not rely on large-sample approximations and is valid for all…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-25 Peng Zhang

Understanding and characterizing treatment effect variation in randomized experiments has become essential for going beyond the "black box" of the average treatment effect. Nonetheless, traditional statistical approaches often ignore or…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-07-31 Peng Ding , Avi Feller , Luke Miratrix

Researchers are often interested in treatment effects on outcomes that are only defined conditional on a post-treatment event status. For example, in a study of the effect of different cancer treatments on quality of life at end of…

Fisherian randomization inference is often dismissed as testing an uninteresting and implausible hypothesis: the sharp null of no effects whatsoever. We show that this view is overly narrow. Many randomization tests are also valid under a…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-09-22 Devin Caughey , Allan Dafoe , Luke Miratrix

Uncertainty quantification of causal effects is crucial for safety-critical applications such as personalized medicine. A powerful approach for this is conformal prediction, which has several practical benefits due to model-agnostic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Maresa Schröder , Dennis Frauen , Jonas Schweisthal , Konstantin Heß , Valentyn Melnychuk , Stefan Feuerriegel

Randomized experiments on social networks pose statistical challenges, due to the possibility of interference between units. We propose new methods for estimating attributable treatment effects in such settings. The methods do not require…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-10-13 David S. Choi

Randomization inference is a widely-used and appealing approach for analyzing treatment effects in randomized experiments, as it is finite-sample valid and does not require any distributional assumptions. However, naive application of…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-12 Xinran Li , Peizan Sheng , Zeyang Yu

There are two general views in causal analysis of experimental data: the super population view that the units are an independent sample from some hypothetical infinite populations, and the finite population view that the potential outcomes…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-01 Peng Ding , Xinran Li , Luke W. Miratrix

The research is about a systematic investigation on the following issues. First, we construct different outcome regression-based estimators for conditional average treatment effect under, respectively, true (oracle), parametric,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-09-23 Lu Li , Niwen Zhou , Lixing Zhu

Global hypothesis tests are a useful tool in the context of, e.g, clinical trials, genetic studies or meta analyses, when researchers are not interested in testing individual hypotheses, but in testing whether none of the hypotheses is…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-09-05 Andreas Futschik , Thomas Taus , Sonja Zehetmayer

We propose a general framework for the specification testing of continuous treatment effect models. We assume a general residual function, which includes the average and quantile treatment effect models as special cases. The null models are…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-09-06 Wei Huang , Oliver Linton , Zheng Zhang

Surrogate data testing is a method frequently applied to evaluate the results of nonlinear time series analysis. Since the null hypothesis tested against is a linear, gaussian, stationary stochastic process a positive outcome may not only…

chao-dyn · Physics 2009-10-31 J. Timmer

This article proposes different tests for treatment effect heterogeneity when the outcome of interest, typically a duration variable, may be right-censored. The proposed tests study whether a policy 1) has zero distributional (average)…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-19 Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna

Treatment effect estimates are often available from randomized controlled trials as a single average treatment effect for a certain patient population. Estimates of the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) are more useful for…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-12 Wouter A. C. van Amsterdam , Rajesh Ranganath

Clinical trials often collect data on multiple outcomes, such as overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and response to treatment (RT). In most cases, however, study designs only use primary outcome data for interim and…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-28 Massimiliano Russo , Steffen Ventz , Lorenzo Trippa

In randomized controlled trials, ordinal outcomes typically improve statistical efficiency over binary outcomes. The treatment effect on an ordinal outcome is usually described by the odds ratio from a proportional odds model, but this…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-01 Lindsey E. Turner , Carolyn T. Bramante , Thomas A. Murray

We review approaches to statistical inference based on randomization. Permutation tests are treated as an important special case. Under a certain group invariance property, referred to as the ``randomization hypothesis,'' randomization…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-02-05 David M. Ritzwoller , Joseph P. Romano , Azeem M. Shaikh

How should researchers analyze randomized experiments in which the main outcome is latent and measured in multiple ways but each measure contains some degree of error? We first identify a critical study-specific noncomparability problem in…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-13 Jiawei Fu , Donald P. Green

We propose a procedure to decide between the null hypothesis of (strict) stationarity and the alternative of non-stationarity, in the context of a Random Coefficient AutoRegression (RCAR). The procedure is based on randomising a diagnostic…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-07 Lorenzo Trapani