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Information theory is widely accepted as a powerful tool for analyzing complex systems and it has been applied in many disciplines. Recently, some central components of information theory - multivariate information measures - have found…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-08-30 Nicholas Timme , Wesley Alford , Benjamin Flecker , John M. Beggs

This paper presents Integrated Information Theory (IIT) 4.0. IIT aims to account for the properties of experience in physical (operational) terms. It identifies the essential properties of experience (axioms), infers the necessary and…

Information processing in neural systems can be described and analysed at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Generally, information at lower levels is more fine-grained and can be coarse-grained in higher levels. However, information processed…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-21 Acer Y. C. Chang , Martin Biehl , Yen Yu , Ryota Kanai

Brain activity differs vastly between sleep, cognitive tasks, and action. Information theory is an appropriate concept to analytically quantify these brain states. Based on neurophysiological recordings, this concept can handle complex data…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-04 Julian Fuhrer , Alejandro Blenkmann , Tor Endestad , Anne-Kristin Solbakk , Kyrre Glette

One of the hallmarks of biological organisms is their ability to integrate disparate information sources to optimize their behavior in complex environments. How this capability can be quantified and related to the functional complexity of…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2011-11-08 Jeffrey Edlund , Nicolas Chaumont , Arend Hintze , Christof Koch , Giulio Tononi , Christoph Adami

Conceptually, partial information decomposition (PID) is concerned with separating the information contributions several sources hold about a certain target by decomposing the corresponding joint mutual information into contributions such…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Kyle Schick-Poland , Abdullah Makkeh , Aaron J. Gutknecht , Patricia Wollstadt , Anja Sturm , Michael Wibral

There has been increasing interest in the integrated information theory (IIT) ofconsciousness, which hypothesizes that consciousness is integrated information withinneuronal dynamics. However, the current formulation of IIT poses both…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-07-04 Satohiro Tajima , Ryota Kanai

We introduce a quantum integrated-information measure $\Phi$ for multipartite states within the Relational Quantum Dynamics (RQD) framework. $\Phi(\rho)$ is defined as the minimum quantum Jensen-Shannon distance between an n-partite density…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Arash Zaghi

Motivated by the possible applications that a better understanding of consciousness might bring, we follow Tononi's idea and calculate analytically a complexity index for two systems of Ising spins with parallel update dynamics, the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-28 Otavio Citton , Nestor Caticha

Developments in machine learning and computing power suggest that artificial general intelligence is within reach. This raises the question of artificial consciousness: if a computer were to be functionally equivalent to a human, being able…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Graham Findlay , William Marshall , Larissa Albantakis , Isaac David , William GP Mayner , Christof Koch , Giulio Tononi

Information theory, i.e. the mathematical analysis of information and of its processing, has become a tenet of modern science; yet, its use in real-world studies is usually hindered by its computational complexity, the lack of coherent…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-18 Carlson Moses Büth , Kishor Acharya , Massimiliano Zanin

In service to the mathematical underpinnings of the Information Integration Theory of Consciousness (IIT), we introduce four measures of integration based on the partial information decomposition framework. We compare our measures to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Virgil Griffith

In this article we review Tononi's (2008) theory of consciousness as integrated information. We argue that previous formalizations of integrated information (e.g. Griffith, 2014) depend on information loss. Since lossy integration would…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-02 Phil Maguire , Philippe Moser , Rebecca Maguire , Virgil Griffith

While mutual information effectively quantifies dependence between two variables, it does not by itself reveal the complex, fine-grained interactions among variables, i.e., how multiple sources contribute redundantly, uniquely, or…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Aobo Lyu , Andrew Clark , Netanel Raviv

This essay addresses the implications of integrated information theory (IIT) for free will. IIT is a theory of what consciousness is and what it takes to have it. According to IIT, the presence of consciousness is accounted for by a maximum…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-04-04 Giulio Tononi , Larissa Albantakis , Melanie Boly , Chiara Cirelli , Christof Koch

The quest for a scientific description of consciousness has given rise to new theoretical and empirical paradigms for the investigation of phenomenological contents as well as clinical disorders of consciousness. An outstanding challenge in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-01-12 Xerxes D. Arsiwalla , Paul Verschure

The Integrated Information Theory provides a quantitative approach to consciousness and can be applied to neural networks. An embodied agent controlled by such a network influences and is being influenced by its environment. This involves,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-11-30 Carlotta Langer , Nihat Ay

The partial information decomposition (PID) framework is concerned with decomposing the information that a set of (two or more) random variables (the sources) has about another variable (the target) into three types of information: unique,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-28 André F. C. Gomes , Mário A. T. Figueiredo

We propose a unified theoretical framework for quantifying spatio-temporal interactions in a stochastic dynamical system based on information geometry. In the proposed framework, the degree of interactions is quantified by the divergence…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-12-08 Masafumi Oizumi , Naotsugu Tsuchiya , Shun-ichi Amari

Information theory, introduced by Shannon, has been extremely successful and influential as a mathematical theory of communication. Shannon's notion of information does not consider the meaning of the messages being communicated but only…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-17 Alireza Zaeemzadeh , Giulio Tononi